Fahn S. Description of Parkinson’s disease as a clinical syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;991:1–14.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
von Campenhausen S, Bornschein B, Wick R, Botzel K, Sampaio C, Poewe W, et al. Prevalence and incidence of Parkinson’s disease in Europe. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005;15:473–90.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Wirdefeldt K, Adami HO, Cole P, Trichopoulos D, Mandel J. Epidemiology and etiology of Parkinson’s disease: a review of the evidence. Eur J Epidemiol. 2011;26 Suppl 1:S1–58.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Waak J, Weber SS, Waldenmaier A, Gorner K, Alunni-Fabbroni M, Schell H, et al. Regulation of astrocyte inflammatory responses by the Parkinson’s disease-associated gene DJ-1. FASEB J. 2009;23:2478–89.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mori F, Piao YS, Hayashi S, Fujiwara H, Hasegawa M, Yoshimoto M, et al. Alpha-synuclein accumulates in Purkinje cells in Lewy body disease but not in multiple system atrophy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2003;62:812–9.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pringsheim T, Jette N, Frolkis A, Steeves TD. The prevalence of Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord. 2014;29:1583–90.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dick FD. Parkinson’s disease and pesticide exposures. Br Med Bull. 2006;79–80:219–31.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Block ML, Hong JS. Microglia and inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration: multiple triggers with a common mechanism. Prog Neurobiol. 2005;76:77–98.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hirsch EC, Vyas S, Hunot S. Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2012;18:S210–S2.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lv Y, Zhang Z, Hou L, Zhang L, Zhang J, Wang Y, et al. Phytic acid attenuates inflammatory responses and the levels of NF-kappaB and p-ERK in MPTP-induced Parkinson’s disease model of mice. Neurosci Lett. 2015;597:132–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Saijo K, Winner B, Carson CT, Collier JG, Boyer L, Rosenfeld MG, et al. A Nurr1/CoREST pathway in microglia and astrocytes protects dopaminergic neurons from inflammation-induced death. Cell. 2009;137:47–59.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
McGeer PL, Itagaki S, Boyes BE, McGeer EG. Reactive microglia are positive for HLA-DR in the substantia nigra of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease brains. Neurology. 1988;38:1285–91.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bartels AL, Willemsen AT, Doorduin J, de Vries EF, Dierckx RA, Leenders KL. [11C]-PK11195 PET: quantification of neuroinflammation and a monitor of anti-inflammatory treatment in Parkinson’s disease? Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2010;16:57–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gerhard A, Pavese N, Hotton G, Turkheimer F, Es M, Hammers A, et al. In vivo imaging of microglial activation with [11C](R)-PK11195 PET in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Dis. 2006;21:404–12.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Leal MC, Casabona JC, Puntel M, Pitossi FJ. Interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha: reliable targets for protective therapies in Parkinson’s Disease? Front Cell Neurosci. 2013;7:53.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Benner EJ, Banerjee R, Reynolds AD, Sherman S, Pisarev VM, Tsiperson V, et al. Nitrated alpha-synuclein immunity accelerates degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons. PLoS One. 2008;3:e1376.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Tansey MG, McCoy MK, Frank-Cannon TC. Neuroinflammatory mechanisms in Parkinson’s disease: potential environmental triggers, pathways, and targets for early therapeutic intervention. Exp Neurol. 2007;208:1–25.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sheridan GK, Murphy KJ. Neuron-glia crosstalk in health and disease: fractalkine and CX3CR1 take centre stage. Open Biol. 2013;3:130181.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Wright GJ, Puklavec MJ, Willis AC, Hoek RM, Sedgwick JD, Brown MH, et al. Lymphoid/neuronal cell surface OX2 glycoprotein recognizes a novel receptor on macrophages implicated in the control of their function. Immunity. 2000;13:233–42.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hoek RM, Ruuls SR, Murphy CA, Wright GJ, Goddard R, Zurawski SM, et al. Down-regulation of the macrophage lineage through interaction with OX2 (CD200). Science. 2000;290:1768–71.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mott RT, Ait-Ghezala G, Town T, Mori T, Vendrame M, Zeng J, et al. Neuronal expression of CD22: novel mechanism for inhibiting microglial proinflammatory cytokine production. Glia. 2004;46:369–79.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Numakawa T, Ishimoto T, Suzuki S, Numakawa Y, Adachi N, Matsumoto T, et al. Neuronal roles of the integrin-associated protein (IAP/CD47) in developing cortical neurons. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:43245–53.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Smith RE, Patel V, Seatter SD, Deehan MR, Brown MH, Brooke GP, et al. A novel MyD-1 (SIRP-1alpha) signaling pathway that inhibits LPS-induced TNFalpha production by monocytes. Blood. 2003;102:2532–40.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chang RC, Hudson P, Wilson B, Liu B, Abel H, Hemperly J, et al. Immune modulatory effects of neural cell adhesion molecules on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production by cultured glia. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2000;81:197–201.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vernet-der Garabedian B, Derer P, Bailly Y, Mariani J. Innate immunity in the Grid2Lc/+ mouse model of cerebellar neurodegeneration: glial CD95/CD95L plays a non-apoptotic role in persistent neuron loss-associated inflammatory reactions in the cerebellum. J Neuroinflammation. 2013;10:65.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chang RC, Hudson P, Wilson B, Haddon L, Hong JS. Influence of neurons on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated production of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by cultured glia. Brain Res. 2000;853:236–44.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Morganti JM, Nash KR, Grimmig BA, Ranjit S, Small B, Bickford PC, et al. The soluble isoform of CX3CL1 is necessary for neuroprotection in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurosci. 2012;32:14592–601.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pabon MM, Bachstetter AD, Hudson CE, Gemma C, Bickford PC. CX3CL1 reduces neurotoxicity and microglial activation in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease. J Neuroinflammation. 2011;8:9.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cardona AE, Pioro EP, Sasse ME, Kostenko V, Cardona SM, Dijkstra IM, et al. Control of microglial neurotoxicity by the fractalkine receptor. Nat Neurosci. 2006;9:917–24.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zhang S, Wang XJ, Tian LP, Pan J, Lu GQ, Zhang YJ, et al. CD200-CD200R dysfunction exacerbates microglial activation and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease. J Neuroinflammation. 2011;8:154.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wang XJ, Zhang S, Yan ZQ, Zhao YX, Zhou HY, Wang Y, et al. Impaired CD200-CD200R-mediated microglia silencing enhances midbrain dopaminergic neurodegeneration: roles of aging, superoxide, NADPH oxidase, and p38 MAPK. Free Radic Biol Med. 2011;50:1094–106.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hu X, Li P, Guo Y, Wang H, Leak RK, Chen S, et al. Microglia/macrophage polarization dynamics reveal novel mechanism of injury expansion after focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 2012;43:3063–70.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wang G, Zhang J, Hu X, Zhang L, Mao L, Jiang X, et al. Microglia/macrophage polarization dynamics in white matter after traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2013;33:1864–74.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cagnin A, Kassiou M, Meikle SR, Banati RB. In vivo evidence for microglial activation in neurodegenerative dementia. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 2006;185:107–14.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tang Y, Li T, Li J, Yang J, Liu H, Zhang XJ, et al. Jmjd3 is essential for the epigenetic modulation of microglia phenotypes in the immune pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Cell Death Differ. 2014;21:369–80.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ferrari CC, Pott Godoy MC, Tarelli R, Chertoff M, Depino AM, Pitossi FJ. Progressive neurodegeneration and motor disabilities induced by chronic expression of IL-1beta in the substantia nigra. Neurobiol Dis. 2006;24:183–93.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
McCoy MK, Martinez TN, Ruhn KA, Szymkowski DE, Smith CG, Botterman BR, et al. Blocking soluble tumor necrosis factor signaling with dominant-negative tumor necrosis factor inhibitor attenuates loss of dopaminergic neurons in models of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurosci. 2006;26:9365–75.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zhang W, Wang T, Pei Z, Miller DS, Wu X, Block ML, et al. Aggregated alpha-synuclein activates microglia: a process leading to disease progression in Parkinson’s disease. FASEB J. 2005;19:533–42.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yamada T. Lewy bodies in Parkinson’s disease are recognized by antibodies to complement proteins. Acta Neuropathol. 1992;84:5.
Google Scholar
Theodore S, Cao S, McLean PJ, Standaert DG. Targeted overexpression of human alpha-synuclein triggers microglial activation and an adaptive immune response in a mouse model of Parkinson disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2008;67:1149–58.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Beraud D, Maguire-Zeiss KA. Misfolded alpha-synuclein and Toll-like receptors: therapeutic targets for Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2012;18 Suppl 1:S17–20.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rojanathammanee L, Murphy EJ, Combs CK. Expression of mutant alpha-synuclein modulates microglial phenotype in vitro. J Neuroinflammation. 2011;8:44.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Koizumi S, Ohsawa K, Inoue K, Kohsaka S. Purinergic receptors in microglia: functional modal shifts of microglia mediated by P2 and P1 receptors. Glia. 2013;61:47–54.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
George J, Goncalves FQ, Cristovao G, Rodrigues L, Meyer Fernandes JR, Goncalves T, et al. Different danger signals differently impact on microglial proliferation through alterations of ATP release and extracellular metabolism. Glia. 2015.
Google Scholar
Davalos D, Grutzendler J, Yang G, Kim JV, Zuo Y, Jung S, et al. ATP mediates rapid microglial response to local brain injury in vivo. Nat Neurosci. 2005;8:752–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kim YS, Choi DH, Block ML, Lorenzl S, Yang L, Kim YJ, et al. A pivotal role of matrix metalloproteinase-3 activity in dopaminergic neuronal degeneration via microglial activation. FASEB J. 2007;21:179–87.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pisanu A, Lecca D, Mulas G, Wardas J, Simbula G, Spiga S, et al. Dynamic changes in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in microglia after PPAR-gamma agonist neuroprotective treatment in the MPTPp mouse model of progressive Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Dis. 2014;71:280–91.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tang Y, Le W. Differential Roles of M1 and M2 Microglia in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurobiol. 2015.
Pepe G, Calderazzi G, De Maglie M, Villa A, Vegeto E. Heterogeneous induction of microglia M2a phenotype by central administration of interleukin-4. J Neuroinflammation. 2014;11:1031.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Kim HG, Ju MS, Ha SK, Lee H, Kim SY, Oh MS. Acacetin protects dopaminergic cells against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced neuroinflammation in vitro and in vivo. Biol Pharm Bull. 2012;35:1287–94.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ha SK, Moon E, Lee P, Ryu JH, Oh MS, Kim SY. Acacetin attenuates neuroinflammation via regulation the response to LPS stimuli in vitro and in vivo. Neurochem Res. 2012;37:1560–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tanaka T, Kai S, Matsuyama T, Adachi T, Fukuda K, Hirota K. General anesthetics inhibit LPS-induced IL-1beta expression in glial cells. PLoS One. 2013;8:e82930.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Yamada T, Kawamata T, Walker DG, McGeer PL. Vimentin immunoreactivity in normal and pathological human brain tissue. Acta Neuropathol. 1992;84:157–62.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Glass CK, Saijo K, Winner B, Marchetto MC, Gage FH. Mechanisms underlying inflammation in neurodegeneration. Cell. 2010;140:918–34.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fellner L, Irschick R, Schanda K, Reindl M, Klimaschewski L, Poewe W, et al. Toll-like receptor 4 is required for alpha-synuclein dependent activation of microglia and astroglia. Glia. 2013;61:349–60.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gu XL, Long CX, Sun L, Xie C, Lin X, Cai H. Astrocytic expression of Parkinson’s disease-related A53T alpha-synuclein causes neurodegeneration in mice. Mol Brain. 2010;3:12.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Antonini A, Leenders KL. Dopamine D2 receptors in normal human brain: effect of age measured by positron emission tomography (PET) and [11C]-raclopride. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1993;695:81–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shao W, Zhang SZ, Tang M, Zhang XH, Zhou Z, Yin YQ, et al. Suppression of neuroinflammation by astrocytic dopamine D2 receptors via alphaB-crystallin. Nature. 2013;494:90–4.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Liu Y, Zhou Q, Tang M, Fu N, Shao W, Zhang S, et al. Upregulation of alphaB-crystallin expression in the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2015;36:1686–91.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zhang Y, Chen Y, Wu J, Manaenko A, Yang P, Tang J, et al. Activation of Dopamine D2 Receptor Suppresses Neuroinflammation Through alphaB-Crystalline by Inhibition of NF-kappaB Nuclear Translocation in Experimental ICH Mice Model. Stroke. 2015;46:2637–46.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Polymeropoulos MH, Lavedan C, Leroy E, Ide SE, Dehejia A, Dutra A, et al. Mutation in the alpha-synuclein gene identified in families with Parkinson’s disease. Science. 1997;276:2045–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Spillantini MG, Schmidt ML, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ, Jakes R, Goedert M. Alpha-synuclein in Lewy bodies. Nature. 1997;388:839–40.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Su X, Maguire-Zeiss KA, Giuliano R, Prifti L, Venkatesh K, Federoff HJ. Synuclein activates microglia in a model of Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2008;29:1690–701.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Codolo G, Plotegher N, Pozzobon T, Brucale M, Tessari I, Bubacco L, et al. Triggering of inflammasome by aggregated alpha-synuclein, an inflammatory response in synucleinopathies. PLoS One. 2013;8:e55375.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chesselet MF, Richter F, Zhu C, Magen I, Watson MB, Subramaniam SR. A progressive mouse model of Parkinson’s disease: the Thy1-aSyn (“Line 61”) mice. Neurotherapeutics. 2012;9:297–314.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Watson MB, Richter F, Lee SK, Gabby L, Wu J, Masliah E, et al. Regionally-specific microglial activation in young mice over-expressing human wildtype alpha-synuclein. Exp Neurol. 2012;237:318–34.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Paisan-Ruiz C, Jain S, Evans EW, Gilks WP, Simon J, van der Brug M, et al. Cloning of the gene containing mutations that cause PARK8-linked Parkinson’s disease. Neuron. 2004;44:595–600.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zimprich A, Biskup S, Leitner P, Lichtner P, Farrer M, Lincoln S, et al. Mutations in LRRK2 cause autosomal-dominant parkinsonism with pleomorphic pathology. Neuron. 2004;44:601–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Simon-Sanchez J, Schulte C, Bras JM, Sharma M, Gibbs JR, Berg D, et al. Genome-wide association study reveals genetic risk underlying Parkinson’s disease. Nat Genet. 2009;41:1308–12.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Satake W, Nakabayashi Y, Mizuta I, Hirota Y, Ito C, Kubo M, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies common variants at four loci as genetic risk factors for Parkinson’s disease. Nat Genet. 2009;41:1303–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moehle MS, Webber PJ, Tse T, Sukar N, Standaert DG, DeSilva TM, et al. LRRK2 inhibition attenuates microglial inflammatory responses. J Neurosci. 2012;32:1602–11.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kim B, Yang MS, Choi D, Kim JH, Kim HS, Seol W, et al. Impaired inflammatory responses in murine Lrrk2-knockdown brain microglia. PLoS One. 2012;7:e34693.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gillardon F, Schmid R, Draheim H. Parkinson’s disease-linked leucine-rich repeat kinase 2(R1441G) mutation increases proinflammatory cytokine release from activated primary microglial cells and resultant neurotoxicity. Neuroscience. 2012;208:41–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gardet A, Benita Y, Li C, Sands BE, Ballester I, Stevens C, et al. LRRK2 is involved in the IFN-gamma response and host response to pathogens. J Immunol. 2010;185:5577–85.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hakimi M, Selvanantham T, Swinton E, Padmore RF, Tong Y, Kabbach G, et al. Parkinson’s disease-linked LRRK2 is expressed in circulating and tissue immune cells and upregulated following recognition of microbial structures. J Neural Transm. 2011;118:795–808.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Liu Z, Lee J, Krummey S, Lu W, Cai H, Lenardo MJ. The kinase LRRK2 is a regulator of the transcription factor NFAT that modulates the severity of inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Immunol. 2011;12:1063–70.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kitada T, Asakawa S, Hattori N, Matsumine H, Yamamura Y, Minoshima S, et al. Mutations in the parkin gene cause autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism. Nature. 1998;392:605–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Frank-Cannon TC, Tran T, Ruhn KA, Martinez TN, Hong J, Marvin M, et al. Parkin deficiency increases vulnerability to inflammation-related nigral degeneration. J Neurosci. 2008;28:10825–34.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rodriguez-Navarro JA, Casarejos MJ, Menendez J, Solano RM, Rodal I, Gomez A, et al. Mortality, oxidative stress and tau accumulation during ageing in parkin null mice. J Neurochem. 2007;103:98–114.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Casarejos MJ, Menendez J, Solano RM, Rodriguez-Navarro JA, Garcia de Yebenes J, Mena MA. Susceptibility to rotenone is increased in neurons from parkin null mice and is reduced by minocycline. J Neurochem. 2006;97:934–46.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tran TA, Nguyen AD, Chang J, Goldberg MS, Lee JK, Tansey MG. Lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor regulate Parkin expression via nuclear factor-kappa B. PLoS One. 2011;6:e23660.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Valente EM, Abou-Sleiman PM, Caputo V, Muqit MM, Harvey K, Gispert S, et al. Hereditary early-onset Parkinson’s disease caused by mutations in PINK1. Science. 2004;304:1158–60.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Matsuda N, Sato S, Shiba K, Okatsu K, Saisho K, Gautier CA, et al. PINK1 stabilized by mitochondrial depolarization recruits Parkin to damaged mitochondria and activates latent Parkin for mitophagy. J Cell Biol. 2010;189:211–21.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Akundi RS, Huang Z, Eason J, Pandya JD, Zhi L, Cass WA, et al. Increased mitochondrial calcium sensitivity and abnormal expression of innate immunity genes precede dopaminergic defects in Pink1-deficient mice. PLoS One. 2011;6:e16038.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kim J, Byun JW, Choi I, Kim B, Jeong HK, Jou I, et al. PINK1 deficiency enhances inflammatory cytokine release from acutely prepared brain slices. Exp Neurobiol. 2013;22:38–44.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lee HJ, Chung KC. PINK1 positively regulates IL-1beta-mediated signaling through Tollip and IRAK1 modulation. J Neuroinflammation. 2012;9:271.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bandopadhyay R, Kingsbury AE, Cookson MR, Reid AR, Evans IM, Hope AD, et al. The expression of DJ-1 (PARK7) in normal human CNS and idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 2004;127:420–30.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Trudler D, Weinreb O, Mandel SA, Youdim MB, Frenkel D. DJ-1 deficiency triggers microglia sensitivity to dopamine toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype that is attenuated by rasagiline. J Neurochem. 2014;129:434–47.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Blatteis CM. Role of the OVLT in the febrile response to circulating pyrogens. Prog Brain Res. 1992;91:409–12.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hirsch EC, Hunot S. Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease: a target for neuroprotection? Lancet Neurol. 2009;8:382–97.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kortekaas R, Leenders KL, van Oostrom JC, Vaalburg W, Bart J, Willemsen AT, et al. Blood–brain barrier dysfunction in parkinsonian midbrain in vivo. Ann Neurol. 2005;57:176–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Faucheux BA, Bonnet AM, Agid Y, Hirsch EC. Blood vessels change in the mesencephalon of patients with Parkinson’s disease. Lancet. 1999;353:981–2.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Guan J, Pavlovic D, Dalkie N, Waldvogel HJ, O’Carroll SJ, Green CR, et al. Vascular degeneration in Parkinson’s disease. Brain Pathol. 2013;23:154–64.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yasuda T, Fukuda-Tani M, Nihira T, Wada K, Hattori N, Mizuno Y, et al. Correlation between levels of pigment epithelium-derived factor and vascular endothelial growth factor in the striatum of patients with Parkinson’s disease. Exp Neurol. 2007;206:308–17.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rite I, Machado A, Cano J, Venero JL. Blood–brain barrier disruption induces in vivo degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons. J Neurochem. 2007;101:1567–82.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Brochard V, Combadiere B, Prigent A, Laouar Y, Perrin A, Beray-Berthat V, et al. Infiltration of CD4+ lymphocytes into the brain contributes to neurodegeneration in a mouse model of Parkinson disease. J Clin Invest. 2009;119:182–92.
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Villaran RF, Espinosa-Oliva AM, Sarmiento M, De Pablos RM, Arguelles S, Delgado-Cortes MJ, et al. Ulcerative colitis exacerbates lipopolysaccharide-induced damage to the nigral dopaminergic system: potential risk factor in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurochem. 2010;114:1687–700.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Beyer MK, Herlofson K, Arsland D, Larsen JP. Causes of death in a community-based study of Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neurol Scand. 2001;103:7–11.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bu XL, Wang X, Xiang Y, Shen LL, Wang QH, Liu YH, et al. The association between infectious burden and Parkinson’s disease: a case–control study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015;21:877–81.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Weller C, Oxlade N, Dobbs SM, Dobbs RJ, Charlett A, Bjarnason IT. Role of inflammation in gastrointestinal tract in aetiology and pathogenesis of idiopathic parkinsonism. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2005;44:129–35.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Przuntek H, Muller T, Riederer P. Diagnostic staging of Parkinson’s disease: conceptual aspects. J Neural Transm. 2004;111:201–16.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nielsen HH, Qiu J, Friis S, Wermuth L, Ritz B. Treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection and risk of Parkinson’s disease in Denmark. Eur J Neurol. 2012;19:864–9.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tan AH, Mahadeva S, Marras C, Thalha AM, Kiew CK, Yeat CM, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with worse severity of Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015;21:221–5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Harms AS, Barnum CJ, Ruhn KA, Varghese S, Trevino I, Blesch A, et al. Delayed dominant-negative TNF gene therapy halts progressive loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease. Mol Ther. 2011;19:46–52.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
McCoy MK, Ruhn KA, Martinez TN, McAlpine FE, Blesch A, Tansey MG. Intranigral lentiviral delivery of dominant-negative TNF attenuates neurodegeneration and behavioral deficits in hemiparkinsonian rats. Mol Ther. 2008;16:1572–9.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cheng S, Hou J, Zhang C, Xu C, Wang L, Zou X, et al. Minocycline reduces neuroinflammation but does not ameliorate neuron loss in a mouse model of neurodegeneration. Sci Rep. 2015;5:10535.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Noble W, Garwood CJ, Hanger DP. Minocycline as a potential therapeutic agent in neurodegenerative disorders characterised by protein misfolding. Prion. 2009;3:78–83.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tomas-Camardiel M, Rite I, Herrera AJ, de Pablos RM, Cano J, Machado A, et al. Minocycline reduces the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory reaction, peroxynitrite-mediated nitration of proteins, disruption of the blood–brain barrier, and damage in the nigral dopaminergic system. Neurobiol Dis. 2004;16:190–201.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
He Y, Appel S, Le W. Minocycline inhibits microglial activation and protects nigral cells after 6-hydroxydopamine injection into mouse striatum. Brain Res. 2001;909:187–93.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wu DC, Jackson-Lewis V, Vila M, Tieu K, Teismann P, Vadseth C, et al. Blockade of microglial activation is neuroprotective in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model of Parkinson disease. J Neurosci. 2002;22:1763–71.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Diguet E, Fernagut PO, Wei X, Du Y, Rouland R, Gross C, et al. Deleterious effects of minocycline in animal models of Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. Eur J Neurosci. 2004;19:3266–76.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Castano A, Herrera AJ, Cano J, Machado A. The degenerative effect of a single intranigral injection of LPS on the dopaminergic system is prevented by dexamethasone, and not mimicked by rh-TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IFN-gamma. J Neurochem. 2002;81:150–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Scheinman RI, Gualberto A, Jewell CM, Cidlowski JA, Baldwin Jr AS. Characterization of mechanisms involved in transrepression of NF-kappa B by activated glucocorticoid receptors. Mol Cell Biol. 1995;15:943–53.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kurkowska-Jastrzebska I, Litwin T, Joniec I, Ciesielska A, Przybylkowski A, Czlonkowski A, et al. Dexamethasone protects against dopaminergic neurons damage in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Int Immunopharmacol. 2004;4:1307–18.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Iselin-Chaves IA, Grotzsch H, Besson M, Burkhard PR, Savoldelli GL. Naloxone-responsive acute dystonia and parkinsonism following general anaesthesia. Anaesthesia. 2009;64:1359–62.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Liu B, Du L, Hong JS. Naloxone protects rat dopaminergic neurons against inflammatory damage through inhibition of microglia activation and superoxide generation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000;293:607–17.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Di Matteo V, Pierucci M, Di Giovanni G, Di Santo A, Poggi A, Benigno A, et al. Aspirin protects striatal dopaminergic neurons from neurotoxin-induced degeneration: an in vivo microdialysis study. Brain Res. 2006;1095:167–77.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Mohanakumar KP, Muralikrishnan D, Thomas B. Neuroprotection by sodium salicylate against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3, 6-tetrahydropyridine-induced neurotoxicity. Brain Res. 2000;864:281–90.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sanchez-Pernaute R, Ferree A, Cooper O, Yu M, Brownell AL, Isacson O. Selective COX-2 inhibition prevents progressive dopamine neuron degeneration in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease. J Neuroinflammation. 2004;1:6.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gao X, Chen H, Schwarzschild MA, Ascherio A. Use of ibuprofen and risk of Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2011;76:863–9.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Starke RM, Chalouhi N, Ding D, Hasan DM. Potential Role of Aspirin in the Prevention of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2015;39:332–42.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Claria J, Serhan CN. Aspirin triggers previously undescribed bioactive eicosanoids by human endothelial cell-leukocyte interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995;92:9475–9.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Aubin N, Curet O, Deffois A, Carter C. Aspirin and salicylate protect against MPTP-induced dopamine depletion in mice. J Neurochem. 1998;71:1635–42.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Manthripragada AD, Schernhammer ES, Qiu J, Friis S, Wermuth L, Olsen JH, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and the risk of Parkinson’s disease. Neuroepidemiology. 2011;36:155–61.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gagne JJ, Power MC. Anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of Parkinson disease: a meta-analysis. Neurology. 2010;74:995–1002.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar