Fig. 2
From: The interaction between ageing and Alzheimer's disease: insights from the hallmarks of ageing
Cellular hallmarks of ageing in AD, including cellular senescence, disabled macroautophagy, stem cell exhaustion and altered intercellular communication. ROS activated by Aβ and tau can cause stress-induced cellular senescence [10, 152]. The senescent cells exhibit significant dysfunction and abnormal intercellular communication. Ageing microglia release more pro-inflammatory factors and have impaired phagocytic function [153]. Simultaneously, stem cell exhaustion inhibits the transformation of stem cells into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes [154]. AD Alzheimer’s disease, ROS reactive oxygen species, P16INK4a a marker of cellular senescence