Fig. 1

Nanoparticle fabrication via flash nanoprecipitation (FNP). a Schematic diagram of the FNP procedure for the synthesis of AM-nanoparticles (NPs). A confined impinging jet mixer (CIJ) was used to mix a stream of 250 µl of 50% (v/v) mixture of tetrahydrofuran (THF) containing 8 mg/ml shell molecule and 2.5 mg/ml hydrophobic core molecule with 250 µl of an aqueous stream. Key element of FNP technique for the fabrication of stable NPs is the induction time of aggregation and precipitation. The time required for a complete and homogenous mixing of the aqueous and solvent stream is Tmix, while the precipitation time of NPs is Tflash. b Table listing the chemical structures of AM shell molecules and polystyrene core. c Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of NPs. d Table summarizing the characterization of NP radius and polydispersity index (PDI). Data are presented as mean ± SEM; n = 3