Table 2 Microbiome alterations in clinical cohorts of PD
From: Parkinson’s disease and gut microbiota: from clinical to mechanistic and therapeutic studies
Ref. | Sample size | Control factors | Method | Microbiota alterations | Alpha diversity | Beta diversity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[86] | PD: 72 non-PD: 72 | Onset age > 50 years; age- and sex-matched; no endocrine diseases | 16S rRNA V1-3 | Family increased: Lactobacillaceae, Verrucomicrobiaceae, Bradyrhizobiaceae, Clostridiales Incertae Sedis IV, Ruminococcaceae; family decreased: Prevotellaceae | nd | sd |
[87] | PD: 31 non-PD: 28 | Early, L-DOPA-naïve PD; only male; age-matched; diet and smoking habits considered | shotgun metagenomic | Family/genus increased: Verrucomicrobiaceae (genus Akkermansia); family/genus decreased: Prevotellaceae (genus Prevotella), Erysipelotrichaceae (genus Eubacterium); species increased: Akkermansia muciniphila, Alistipes shahii; species decreased: Prevotella copri, Eubacterium bioforme, Clostridium saccharolyticum | nd | sd |
[88] | PD: 24 healthy: 14 | Age-, sex-, BMI-matched; no diabetes, infectious diseases or special diets | 16S rRNA V3-5 | Family increased: Enterobacteriaceae, Veillonellaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, Coriobacteriaceae, Streptococcaceae, Moraxellaceae, Enterococcaceae; genus increased: Acidaminococcus, Acinetobacter, Enterococcus, Escherichia-Shigella, Megamonas, Megasphaera, Proteus, Streptococcus; genus decreased: Blautia, Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcus | nd | sd |
[89] | PD: 76 RBD: 21 healthy: 78 | Comorbidities and comedication were documented | 16S/18S rRNA V4 | Family increased: Verrucomicrobiaceae; genus increased: Akkermansia | nd | sd |
[90] | PD: 45 healthy: 45 | Spouses as control; no serious chronic illnesses (e.g., diabetes); IBS excluded | 16S rRNA V3-4 | Genus increased: Clostridium IV, Holdemania, Clostridium XVIII, Butyricicoccus, Anaerotruncus, Aquabacterium, Sphingomonas | sd ( >) | sd |
[91] | PD: 64 Control: 64 | Age- and sex-matched; dietary habits and medications assessed | 16S rRNA V3-4 | Family decreased: Prevotellaceae; genus increased: Bifidobacterium; genus decreased: Roseburia | nd | sd |
[92] | PD: 193 PSP: 22 MSA: 22 non-PD: 113 | 39 drug-naïve PD; age-, BMI-, region-matched; spouses as control; dietary habits assessed; autoimmune disease and advanced-stage PD excluded | 16S rRNA V3-4 | Family increased: Verrucomicrobiaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Christensenellaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Coriobacteriaceae, Bifidobacteriaceae; family decreased: Lachnospiraceae; genus increased: Akkermansia, Parabacteroides; genus decreased: Roseburia | sd ( >) | sd |
[93] | PD: 197 healthy: 103 | Age 40–85 years, onset age 40–80 years, disease duration ≤ 12 years; age-matched; medications, diet, and demographics collected | 16S rRNA V4 | Family increased: Christensenellaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae; family decreased: Lachnospiraceae; genus increased: Bilophila, Akkermansia; genus decreased: Roseburia, Faecalibacterium | nd | sd |
[94] | Training set PD: 40 healthy: 40 Validation set PD: 78 healthy: 75 MSA: 40 AD: 25 | Spouses as partial control; no serious illness (e.g. heart failure); no chronic disease (e.g., diabetes); lifestyle factors and medications considered | shotgun metagenomic | Family increased: Carnobacteriaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Rikenellaceae, Streptococcaceae, Synergistaceae Genus increased: Alistipes, Enterobacter, Gordonibacter, Granulicatella, Holdemania, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus Species increased: Clostridium_asparagiforme, Clostridium_leptum, Enterobacter_cloacae, Gordonibacter_pamelaeae, Granulicatella_unclassified, Holdemania_filiformis, Lachnospiraceae_bacterium 1_1_57FAA, Lachnospiraceae_bacterium 3_1_57FAA_CT1, Lactobacillus_salivarius, Paraprevotella_clara, Streptococcus_anginosus, Streptococcus_salivarius, Streptococcus_thermophilus | sd ( >) | sd |
[95] | PD: 26 Control: 25 | Early, L-DOPA-naïve PD; only male; 11 healthy controls, 14 diseased controls had cardiovascular risk factors | shotgun metagenomic | Species increased: Akkermansia muciniphila, Alistipes shahii, Alistipes obesi, Alistipes ihumii; species decreased: Prevotella copri, Clostridium saccharolyticum, Desulfibrio piger | na | na |
[96] | PD: 104 non-PD: 96 | 91 spouses, 5 siblings as control; diet, lifestyle and housing condition considered | 16S rRNA V3-4 | Family increased: Christensenellaceae, Verrucomicrobiaceae, Synergistaceae, Catabacteriaceae, Lactobacillaceae; genus increased: Cloacibacillus, Catabacter, Christensenella, Butyrivibrio, Bifidobacterium, Megasphaera; species increased: Bacteroides fragilis, Lactobacillus acidophilus | nd | na |
[97] | PD: 490 healthy: 234 | Region-matched; 55% controls were spouses | shotgun metagenomic | Genus: 23 ↑, 11 ↓; species: 55 ↑, 29 ↓ | na | sd |
[98] | PD: 96 non-PD: 74 | Newly diagnosed PD; environmental factors considered; no immunocompromised | 16S rRNA V4 | Phylum increased: Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobiota, Actinobacteria; genus increased: Akkermansia, Enterococcus, Hungatella | sd ( <) | sd |