Fig. 6

L. plantarum L5 increased the GABA-producing capacity of the small intestinal mucosa-resident microbes. a Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of the composition of small and large intestinal mucosa-associated microbiota at the generic level. b Glutamate decarboxylase levels in the small and large intestinal mucosa-associated microbiota, as predicted by PICRUSt2 analysis. c Villous height, crypt depth, and villous height-to-crypt depth ratio of the small intestine. d Representative hematoxylin and eosin staining of the small intestine. GAD, glutamate decarboxylase; L5, L. plantarum L5; LI, large intestine; NS, normal saline; SI, small intestine. Box plots indicating the median and interquartile range. Dot plots represent the mean ± standard deviation. ^*P < 0.05