Table 2 Orthodromic and antidromic effects of DBS

PD rhesus monkeys (in vivo)

STN

HFS (210 μs, 1.8 and 3 V, 136 Hz, for 5 min)

Increased mean discharge rate and stimulus-synchronized regular firing pattern in GPe and GPi neurons

[81]

PD rhesus monkeys (in vivo)

STN

HFS (136 Hz)

Inhibited VA/VLo neurons and activated VPLo neurons; reduced burst activity in VA/VLo neurons; conversed oscillatory activity in VA/VLo and VPLo neurons

[112]

PD rhesus monkeys (in vivo)

STN

HFS (125 μs, 0.2 mA 130 Hz, for 4 h; 120 μs, 2.1 V, 130 Hz, for 4 h)

Activation of M1 waned over time, but synchronization of spontaneous spiking in M1 was significantly reduced during DBS

[110]

PD and normal rats (in vivo)

STN

HFS (60 μs, 10–1000 μA, 130 Hz, for 5 s)

Decreased activity of SNr neurons  and increased activity of VL neurons

[42]

PD and normal rats (in vivo)

STN

HFS (0.1 ms, 0.08–0.26 mA, 40–160 Hz)

Induced antidromic spiking of deep layer cortical neurons; triggered a dampened oscillation in cortex

[106]

PD rats (in vivo)

STN

HFS (125 Hz, for 5 min)

Increased spontaneous firing and decreased episodes of burst firing of the CxFn in the motor cortex 

[88]

PD mice (in vivo)

STN

HFS (60 μs, 2–4 V, 130 Hz, for 2 min)

Normalized pathological hyperactivity of motor cortex pyramidal cells

[82]

PD mice (in vivo)

STN

HFS (60 μs, 200 μA, 60 and 100 Hz)

Increased activity of SNr and M1 neurons

[45]

Normal rats (in vivo)

STN

HFS (60 μs, 300 μA, 130 Hz, for 5 s)

Decreased activity in 91% of SNr cells and 80% of GPi cells but activated 100% of GP cells

[94]

Normal rats (ex vivo)

STN

HFS (100 μs, 130 Hz, for 30 s)

Increased spontaneous spiking in half of SNr neurons while decreased activity in the other half

[96]

Normal rats (in vivo)

STN

Electrical stimulation (69 μs, 100 μA, 0.5–130 Hz, for 300 s)

Produced some entrainment of firing in PPN

[101]

PD mice (in vivo)

STN

Optical HFS using ChR2 (100–130 Hz)

Reduced theta and alpha and increased gamma power in M1

[108]

PD patients (in vivo)

STN

Electrical stimulation (1, 2 and 3 mA, 1 Hz for 30 s or 10 Hz for 30 s)

Activated the SMG, premotor and motor regions

[100]

PD and dystonia patients (in vivo)

STN and GPi

HFS (0.5 s, 4 μA, 200 Hz)

Inhibited firing in the GPi and the SNr

[227]

PD monkey

GPi

HFS (0.2 ms, 300 μA, 120 Hz)

Decreased and increased discharge frequency in 77% and 16% of thalamic neurons, respectively; reduced bursting in thalamic neurons

[113]