Table 1 Effects of DBS on neuronal activity around the electrodes

PD patients (in vivo)

STN

HFS (150 μs, 20, 50 and 100 µA, 100 Hz for 10 s; 50, 150 and 250 µs, 100 μA, 100 Hz, for 5 s)

Reduced neuronal firing during HFS and prolonged post-stimulus silent periods

[71]

PD patients (in vivo)

STN

0.3 ms biphasic pulse width, 100 mA, 1–100 Hz, for 5–10 s

Decreased firing rate as the stimulation frequency was increased

[44]

PD rats (in vivo) and normal mice (ex vivo)

STN

Negative constant current injection

Decreased burst discharges

[62]

PD rats (in vivo)

STN

Optogenetic DBS using Chronos (130 pps)

Increased, decreased, and had no effects on firing rate in 53%, 32%, and 5% of neurons, respectively; eliminated oscillatory activity

[173]

PD and normal rats (in vivo)

STN

HFS (60 μs, 10–1000 μA, 130 Hz, for 5 s)

Decreased activity of all cells recorded

[42]

PD and normal rats (in vivo)

STN

HFS (60 μs, 40 μA, 130 Hz, for 10 s)

Inhibited activity of the majority of neurons

[72]

PD mice (in vivo)

STN

HFS (60 μs, 200 μA, 60 and 100 Hz)

Consistently increased activity

[45]

PD rats (in vivo)

STN

HFS (80 μs, 70 μA, 120 Hz, for 5 min)

Regularized neuronal firing patterns of PD rats, when DBS ceased

[74]

PD rats and normal rats (ex vivo)

STN

HFS (100 pulses, 100 Hz)

Depressed the amplitude of evoked EPSCs in PD, but had no effect in normal mice

[54]

PD rats and normal rats (ex vivo)

STN

HFS (60 μs, 400 μA, 130 Hz)

Decreased firing rate in both PD and normal rats; the majority of cells presented irregular or bursting pattern in PD, but regular pattern in normal rats

[72]

Normal rats (ex vivo)

STN

HFS (100 μs, 100–250 Hz, for 1 min)

Blocked ongoing neuron activity

[60]

Normal mice (ex vivo)

STN

Electrical stimuli (Unknown)

Excited 79% of α4β2⁺ neurons and inhibited 58% of α7⁺ neurons

[52]

PD patients (in vivo)

GPi

Microstimulation (0.15 ms, < 10 mA, 5 Hz)

Inhibited spontaneous activity

[43]

PD patients (in vivo)

GPi

HFS (0.1 ms,1-8 V, 88–180 Hz, for 1 min)

Decreased the mean firing rate

[77]

PD patients (in vivo) and normal rats (ex vivo)

GPi

HFS (200 μs, 10 μA and 100 μA, 333 Hz, for 10 s)

Patients: after-facilitation in 37.6% of neurons, after-suppression in 40.0% of neurons, and no change in 22.4% of neurons; decreased bursting in neurons displaying after-facilitation; Rats: after-facilitation in majority of neurons

[46]

PD rhesus monkeys (in vivo)

GPi

HFS (90 μs, 350 μA, 120 Hz, for 20 s or 120 s)

Decreased firing rate

[40]

PD macaques (in vivo)

GPi

HFS (≥ 200 μA, 150 Hz, for 30 s)

Decreased the mean firing rates; no change in burst firing; reduced prevalence of synchronized low-frequency oscillations

[47]