Fig. 1

iPSC-derived CNSC-SE promoted cortical neuron differentiation. a Schematic of treatment schedule. b Relative expression of neural markers (NEUN, vGLUT, and MAP2) and growth factor genes (BDNF, GDNF, and VEGF) in cells treated with various concentration conditions (0 μg/ml, 50 μg/ml, 70 μg/ml, 90 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml, and 130 μg/ml). c–f Immunofluorescence staining of neural markers (MAP2, Tuj1, NEUN, and VGLUT1) and growth factors (BDNF, GDNF, and VEGF) in cells treated with 0 or 130 μg/ml CNSC-SE. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. One-way ANOVA; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001, Dunnett’s test. BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; GDNF, glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; NEUN, neuronal nuclei; vGLUT, vesicular glutamate transporter; MAP2, microtubule-associated protein 2; iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cells; CNSC-SE, cortical neural stem cell secretome