Fig. 5

PDDC treatment reduces glial activation in the hippocampus of PS19 mice. Representative images from WT mice (a–c), vehicle-treated PS19 mice (d–f), and PDDC-treated PS19 mice (g–i). Microglia were stained with Iba1 (red). Astrocytes were stained with GFAP (green). Nuclei shown in blue. j Quantification of Iba1 MFI. k Quantification of GFAP MFI. N = 216–232 images from 9 to 10 mice/group. Bars represent mean ± SEM. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. Scale bars, 50 µm. Gamma and brightness adjusted equally for all images. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison