Table 5 Use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) to treat neurodegenerative diseases

AD

MSCs

5 × FAD mice

Reduce chronic inflammation, facilitate the Aβ clearance

[183]

MSCs

C57BL/6 mice

Promote neurogenesis and cognitive function recovery

[184]

hucMSC

APP/PS1 mice

Repair cognitive disfunctions, clear Aβ deposition

[185]

BM-MSCs

APP/PS1 mice

Reduce the Aβ plaque burden and the amount of dystrophic neurites in both the cortex and hippocampus

[186]

BM-MSCs

APP/PS1 mice

Increase the expression of microRNA-146a in the hippocampus, decrease the levels of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in astrocytes, leading to synaptogenesis and the correction of cognitive impairment

[91]

MSCs

APP/PS1 mice

Suppress the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in cultured primary neurons and ameliorate the neural impairment of CA1 synaptic transmission in an AD mouse model

[187]

MSCs

APP/PS1 mice

Improve learning and memory capabilities with reduced plaque deposition and Aβ levels and normalize levels of inflammatory cytokines

[188]

Neuroblastoma

APP transgenic mice

Decrease Aβ levels, amyloid deposition, and Aβ-mediated synaptotoxicity in the hippocampus

[189]

Neuronal

APP transgenic mice

Decrease Aβ and amyloid deposition

[190]

Human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells

N2a cells

Decrease the levels of Aβ

[191]

Dendritic cells

C57BL/6 mice

Decrease BACE1 and Aβ

[175]

PD

Macrophages

PD mouse

Reduce brain inflammation

[192]

Dendritic cells

S129D α-Syn transgenic mice

Reduce α-syn and intraneural protein aggregation

[176]

Dental pulp stem cells

ReNcell VM immortalized human neural stem cell

Reduce the production of ROS and consequently apoptosis

[193]

hucMSCs

SH-SY5Y cell

Reduce the dopaminergic neuron loss and apoptosis and upregulate the levels of dopamine in the striatum

[194]

Dendritic cells

C57BL/6 male mice

Clear pre-existing extracellular Aβ

[175]

ALS

Murine adipose-derived stromal cells

NSC-34 cells

Increase ALS motoneuron survival, probably counteracting the apoptosis pathway

[177]

Adipose-derived stem cell

G93A ALS mice model neuronal cells

Reduce mutant SOD1 aggregation and restore mitochondrial protein function

[178]

HD

Adipose-derived stem cells

HD model

Reduce huntingtin protein aggregation and apoptotic protein

levels, reduce mutant huntingtin (mHtt) accumulation in neuronal cells

[168]

U87 glioblastoma cells

Wild-type FVBNj mice

Promote dose-dependent silencing of HTT and protein

[179]