Table 1 The roles of extracellular vesicles in Alzheimer’s disease
From: Research progress on the role of extracellular vesicles in neurodegenerative diseases
Source of EVs | Content with biomarker potential | Mouse and cell models for mechanistic studies | Downstream molecules or pathways | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Brain tissue, CSF, and blood | Aβ | AF22 cells, SH-SY5Y cells and 5XFAD mice | NA | |
CSF and blood | Tau | N2a cells, neurons, and AppNL−G−F mice | NA | |
Brain tissue, CSF, and plasma | Aβ1-42, Aβ oligomer, p-tau 181, and p-tau 396 | NA | NA | |
CSF | miR-16-5p, miR-451a, miR-605-5p, and miR-125b-5p | NA | MAPK signaling pathway | [80] |
CSF | miR-135a | HT-22 cells, neurons, and APP/PS1 mice | NA | [81] |
Plasma | Aβ42/40 and miR-384 | NA | NA | [82] |
Plasma | miR-29c-3p | NA | NA | [83] |
Plasma | let-7g-5p, miR126-3p, miR142-3p, miR-146a-5p, and miR-223-3p | NA | p53, toll-like receptor signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, NF-kappa B signaling pathway, Alzheimer’s disease pathway, apoptosis, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, cell cycle and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction | [84] |
Serum | miR-193b | HT-22 cells and APP/PS1 mice | NA | [85] |
Serum | miR-135a, miR-193b, and miR-384 | NA | NA | [86] |
Serum | miR-125b and miR-361 | NA | NA | [87] |
Serum | miR-30b-5p, miR-22-3p, and miR-378a-3p | NA | Proteoglycans in cancer, viral carcinogenesis, signaling pathways regulating pluripotency of stem cells, and cellular senescence | [88] |
Plasma | miR-23a-3p, miR-223-3p, miR-190a-5p, and miR-100-3p | Neurons | Axon guidance and long-term depression | [89] |
Plasma | let-7e | Neurons, microglia | IL-6 | [90] |
BM-MSCs | miR-146a | APP/PS1 mice | IRAK1, TRAF6, and NF-κB | [91] |