Fig. 1

Increased release of astrocytic EVs induced by pathological α-syn in astrocytes. a, b The total number of EVs secreted from primary astrocytes overexpressing A53T α-syn or with exposure to aggregated α-syn for 24 h. N = 3 independent repeats. c, d Representative fluorescence images of primary astrocytes overexpressing A53T α-syn (c) or with exposure to aggregated α-syn (d) stained with Alix (red), α-syn (green) and nuclei (DAPI, blue). Scale bars, 20 μm for the left images and 2 μm for the right amplification images. e, f Quantification of the relative fluorescent intensity of Alix in primary astrocytes overexpressing A53T α-syn (e) or with exposure to aggregated α-syn (f). N = 10–15 astrocytes from 3 independent experimental repeats. g, h Representative TEM images of ILVs in MVBs of primary astrocytes overexpressing A53T α-syn (g) or with exposure to aggregated α-syn (h). Scale bars, 2 μm for the left images and 200 nm for the right amplification images. i, j Quantification of the number of ILVs in MVBs in primary astrocytes overexpressing A53T α-syn (i) or with exposure to aggregated α-syn (j). N = 10–15 astrocytes from 3 independent experimental repeats. Values are means ± S.E.M., unpaired t-test. *P < 0.05; ****P < 0.001