Fig. 3

Exercise can stimulate various organs in the body to secrete corresponding cytokines. Muscle: after exercise, skeletal muscle secretes a large amount of Irisin into the peripheral system. Irisin is internalized into cells by binding to integrin receptors and passes through the blood–brain barrier, activating the MAPK/ERK and cAMP/CREB pathways and promoting the production of BDNF. Liver: exercise stimulates the liver to secrete Gpld1 into the blood, a specific phospholipase that can reduce amyloid precipitation anchored by GPI on the neuronal cell membrane. Blood: exercise enhances the level of clusterin (CLU). LRP8, a special receptor in the brain, mediates the entry of CLU into the cytoplasm. CLU can inhibit Aβ aggregation and neurofibrillary tangles