Table 3 Circadian rhythm disorder in AD models
From: Circadian disruption and sleep disorders in neurodegeneration
Species | Genotype | Toxin | Results/effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Mouse | 3×Tg | Decreased nocturnal activity, increased daytime activity, and shorter free running time | [287] | |
Mouse | TgCRND8 | More stereotypic behavior with increasing age | [288] | |
Mouse | APPswe/PS1ΔE9 | Chronic sleep deprivation | Abnormal expression of Bmal1, Clock, and Cry1 | [105] |
Mouse | P301S tau | Perturbed oscillations in BMAL1expression | [289] | |
Mouse | Bmal1 KO | Disruption of daily hippocampal interstitial fluid Aβ oscillations and accelerated amyloid plaque accumulation | [164] | |
Mouse | Tg4510 | Per2 and Bmal1 are evidently disrupted in the hippocampus | [290] | |
Mouse | Aβ31-35 | Disrupted daily sleep‐wake cycle and circadian oscillation of Bmal1 mRNA and Per2 mRNA | [291] | |
Mouse | Aβ1–42 | Rhythm absence under LD or DD conditions | [292] | |
Mouse | J20 | Altered peak acrophase | [293] | |
Mouse | APP/PS1 | Dysregulation of Bmal1 mRNA and Per2 mRNA | [294] | |
Mouse | Beta/A4 amyloid | Disruption of circadian regulation | [295] | |
Mouse | APP/PS1 | Phase delays of ~ 2 h in the onset of daytime wakefulness bouts and peak wakefulness | [296] | |
Mouse | CRND8/E4 | Intermediate disruptions in circadian rhythms | [297] | |
Mouse | 5×FAD | Altered circadian behavior, and altered expression of Bmal1 and Per2 | [298] | |
Mouse | Aβ31-35 | Disturbances in circadian rhythms | [299] | |
Mouse | Aβ31-35 | Altered expression of Per1 and Per2 in the SCN, hippocampus and heart | [300] | |
Mouse | Fus1 KO | More sleep time during the diurnal cycle | [301] | |
Mouse | APPSwe/PS1dE9 | Alteration of levels and patterns in circadian rhythm of locomotor activity, and altered expression of Cry1 and Cry2 | [302] | |
Mouse | 3×Tg | Increased activities in the resting phase, decreased and scattered activities in the active phase, decreased overall activity intensities, amplitude, robustness, and increased intradaily variability; phase delay in the expression of Per1 and Per2 mRNA in the SCN | [303] | |
Mouse | Aβ31–35 | An unclear movement phase and resting phase and a prolonged free running period | [304] | |
Mouse | APP/PS1 | A mild but persistent phase delay of nocturnal activity onset in LD conditions | [305] | |
Drosophila | Express human Aβ | Fragmentation of daytime sleep | [306] | |
Drosophila | Tau-deficient | Dysregulation of daily circadian rhythms and sleep patterns | [307] |