Fig. 2

Gal3-induced impairment of FSN and PC action potential phase lock to gamma oscillations. a Time course of the effect of 1 µM gal3 application on gamma oscillation power. b Left: Summary of gamma power in control condition (99.2% ± 1.25%) and 30 min after 1 µM gal3 application (95.8% ± 17.5%, n = 6, N = 3; P > 0.9999 vs control, two-tailed Wilcoxon test). Right: Representative example traces of the conditions shown in the bar graph. c Time course of the effect of 2 µM gal3 application on gamma oscillation power. d Left: Summary of gamma power in control condition (gray, 102.6% ± 2.6%) and 40 min after 2 µM gal3 application (46.4% ± 7.39%, n = 14, N = 7; P > 0.9999, two-tailed Wilcoxon test). Right: Representative example traces of the conditions shown in the bar graph. e Representative polar plots of the AP firing window for a FSN recorded concomitantly to gamma oscillations in control conditions (gray) and 40 min after application of 2 µM gal3 (red). Left: FSN-AP firing window relative to gamma. Right: resultant vector showing the magnitude of the phase-lock and the gamma phase-angle preference. f Representative example traces of FSN AP firing (upper traces) concomitantly recorded with gamma oscillations (lower traces) in conditions mentioned in e and d. Left: schematic of the hippocampus showing the locations of FSN AP and LFP recordings. g Quantification of the vector length (control: 0.64 ± 0.1, gal3: 0.48 ± 0.1, n = 9, N = 6; P = 0.0092, two-tailed t-test). h Quantification of the gamma-preferred phase-angle (control: 5.2 ± 0.13 radians, gal3: 5.3 ± 0.13 radians, n = 9, N = 6; P = 0.1459, two-tailed t-test). i Quantification of the FSN firing rate (control: 9.91 ± 2.73 Hz, gal3: 4.9 ± 1, n = 9, N = 6; P = 0.0389, two-tailed t-test). j Representative polar plots of the AP firing window for a PC recorded concomitantly to gamma oscillations in control conditions (gray) and 40 min after application of 2 µM gal3 (red). Left: PC AP firing window relative to gamma. Right: resultant vector showing the magnitude of the phase-lock and the gamma phase-angle preference. k Representative example traces of PC AP firing (upper traces) concomitantly recorded with gamma oscillations (lower traces) in conditions mentioned in j and k. l Quantification of the vector length (control: 0.58 ± 0.1, gal3: 0.38 ± 0.1, n = 7, N = 6; P = 0.0078, one-tailed Wilcoxon test). m Quantification of the gamma-preferred phase-angle (control: 3.9 ± 0.21, gal3: 3.9 ± 0.58, n = 7, N = 6; P = 0.5781, two-tailed Wilcoxon test). n Quantification of the PC firing rate (control: 1.74 ± 0.5 Hz, gal3: 0.38 ± 0.11, n = 11, N = 6; P = 0.0389, two-tailed paired t-test). Data are presented as a mean ± SE. Significance levels are shown as *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. n.s: no significant statistical difference; n: number of slices recorded in a–d and cells recorded in e–n; N: number of animals