Fig. 9

VBIT-4 reduces inflammation signaling and induces anti-inflammatory neuroprotective astrocytes and microglia in 5 × FAD mice. a, b, d Confocal images of cortical sections from WT, untreated-, and VBIT-4-treated-5 × FAD mice co-immunostained for p-NF-kB-p65, TNF-α, NRLP3, caspase-1 or IL1-β (a), and their quantifications (b, d, f). c, e, g, i q-RT-PCR analysis of NF-kB-p65, IL-1β, caspase-1 and IL-4 mRNA levels. h Confocal images of cortical sections from WT, untreated- and VBIT-4-treated 5 × FAD mice co-immunostained for GFAP and IL-4 or TGF-β, and their quantifications (j, k). P-value in the blue color represents the significance of VBIT-4-treated relative to untreated mice. Results show means ± SEM (n = 3), *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001. P-value in blue color represents the significance of VBIT-4-treated relative to untreated 5 × FAD mice. NS, not significant