Table 3 Summary of levels of major lipid classes in ALS animal models from metabolomic and lipidomic studies

Organism

Mouse

Mouse

Mouse

Rat

Mouse

ALS-like genotype

SOD1-G93A

SOD1-G93A

SOD1-G86R

SOD1-G93A

Human FUS overexpression

Tissue details

Lower spinal cord

Spinal cord

Spinal cord

Spinal cord

Spinal cord

Type

Targeted

Targeted

Lipidomics

Lipidomics

Lipidomics

Species detected

4 lipid classes

9 lipid classes

1599 lipids

406 lipids

897 lipids

Differential species

n.a.

n.a.

46 lipids

23 lipids

106 lipids

Sphingolipids

Sphingomyelins

Higher

n.s.

Mixed

n.s.

Lower

Ceramides

Higher

Mixed

Lower

Higher

Mixed

Glucosylceramides

n.d.

Higher

Lower

n.s.

n.d.

Galactosylceramides

n.d.

Lower

n.a.

n.d.

n.d.

Lactosylceramides

n.d.

n.s.n.s.

n.a.

n.d.

n.d.

Globosides

n.d.

Lower

n.a.

n.d.

n.d.

Gangliosides

n.d.

Higher

Higher

n.d.

n.d.

Glycerolipids

Diglycerides

n.d.

n.d.

n.a.

n.s.

Mixed

Triglycerides

n.d.

n.d.

Lower

n.s.

n.s.

Glycerophospholipids

–

–

Phosphatidylcholine

n.s.

n.d.

Mixed

n.s.

Higher

Phosphatidylethanolamine

n.s.

n.d.

Mixed

n.s.

Mixed

Phosphatidylinositol

n.s.

n.d.

Higher

n.s.

Lower

Phosphatidylserine

n.s.

n.d.

n.s.

n.s.

Mixed

Phosphatidylglycerol

n.s.

n.d.

n.s.

n.s.

Higher

Lysophospholipids

n.d.

n.d.

n.s.

n.s.

Higher

Fatty acids

Saturated fatty acids

n.d.

n.d.

n.a.

n.s.

n.d.

Monounsaturated FA

n.d.

n.d.

n.a.

n.s.

n.d.

Polyunsaturated FA

n.d.

n.d.

n.a.

n.s.

n.d.

Arachidonate (20:4)

n.d.

n.d.

n.a.

n.s.

n.d.

Sterols

Cholesterol esters

Higher

n.d.

n.a.

Higher

Higher

Cholesterol

n.d.

n.s.

n.s.

n.d.

n.d.