Fig. 4

Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) revealed impaired glymphatic clearance in TDP-43 mice. a Representative DCE-MRI images of control (top row) and TDP-43 (bottom row) mice over time after contrast agent administration. b–g Percent signal increase from baseline in the whole brain, pons, amygdala, cerebellum, thalamus and olfactory bulb. In all cases, mixed-effect analysis revealed a significant interaction between genotype and post-infusion time and main effects of both genotype (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001) and time. Each atlas-defined ROI is shown in blue above the corresponding graph. Grey backgrounds in panels c, d, and g indicate times for which multiple comparison testing demonstrated significant differences between TDP-43 mice (n = 5) and their littermate controls (n = 5)