Table 2 Physical exercise alters the levels of proteins related with neurodegeneration
From: Roles of physical exercise in neurodegeneration: reversal of epigenetic clock
| References | Subjects | Intervention (duration/speed) | Observations |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ma et al. [129] | Adult male Wister rats with transient focal cerebral ischemia | Treadmill training: 3 days, 7 days, and 2 weeks, respectively, 12 m/min for 30 min each day, 5 days a week | Reduce the overexpression of TLR-2, TLR-4, NF-κB and MyD88 in rat brain tissues |
| Herring et al. [87] | 210-day-old female TgCRND8 mice | Running wheels: 5 months | Reduce Aβ plaque burden and enhanced Aβ clearance |
| Tapia-Rojas et al. [88] | APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice | Voluntary wheel running: 10 weeks | Decrease Aβ burden and Aβ oligomers in the hippocampus |
| Luo et al. [98] | Male Sprague–Dawley rats (16–18 months old) | Swimming exercise: 30 min per day, 5 days per week, 10 weeks | Upregulate the mRNA expressions of Parkin |
| Alkadhi and Dao [89] | 7-week-old male Wistar rats: 2 weeks of Aβ infusion (250 pmol/day) | Treadmill exercise: 10–15 m/min, 4 weeks | Prevent the increase in the levels of APP, BACE1 and Aβ proteins in both the CA1 and DG areas |
| Daniele et al. [96] | Endurance athletes (mean age 41.4 ± 13.7 years) | Endurance athletes | Reduce the levels of total and oligomeric α-synuclein |
| Jessop and Toledo-Rodriguez [100] | C57BL/J6 male (3 months and 18 months old) mice | Running wheel: 4 weeks | Restore the age-related decrease in hippocampal Tet1 and Tet2 expression |
| Wu et al. [120] | Sporadic AD rat model | Swimming exercise: 4 weeks | Induce the DNA-binding activity of Nrf2 and expression of downstream antioxidant gene Sod2 in the hippocampal CA1 region |
| El Hayek et al. [80] | Adult male C57BL/6 mice | Voluntary running wheel: 30 days | Increase Bdnf expression |
| Lourenco et al. [147] | AD model mice | Swimming exercise: 60 min per session, 5 days per week for 5 weeks | FNDC5/irisin mediates the protective effects of PE on synaptic plasticity and memory defects in AD |
| Just-Borras et al. [154] | ALS model mice | Treadmill training, swimming training: 30 min a day, 5 days a week, from 70 until 115 days of age | Maintain the BDNF/TrkB signaling at the neuromuscular junction |