Table 3 Different environmental toxins involved in neurodegeneration and Parkinsonism

MPTP

Herbicide

Inhibit electron transport

Parkinsonism

[140, 153, 271]

Rotenone

Pesticide, insecticide

Interfere with Mitochondrial electron transport system

Parkinson’s like symptoms

[143, 272]

Paraquat

Herbicide

Interfere electron transport, photo synthesis

Oxidative stress

[15, 273, 274]

Maneb

Fungicide

Interferes glucocorticoid metabolism

Parkinson’s like symptoms

[274,275,276]

Zineb

Pesticide

Metabolized to carbon disulfide-a neurotoxin

Convulsions, tiredness, dizziness weakness, headache, fatigue, slurred speech, unconsciousness

[277,278,279]

Ziram

Pesticide

Unknown

Prolonged inhalation causes neural and visual disturbances

[141, 279, 280]

Thiram

Pesticide

Unknown

Convulsions, headaches, dizziness, fatigue drowsiness, confusion

[279,280,281]

Nabam

Fungicide

Unknown

Convulsion, dizziness, confusion

[279, 282]