From: Imaging biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease and Parkinsonian syndromes: current and emerging concepts
Radionuclide | IUPAC name | Main Target or Measure |
---|---|---|
SPECT | ||
Nigrostriatal Integrity | ||
123I-FP-CIT (123I-ioflupane) | 123I-N-ω-fluoropropyl-2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl)nortropane | Presynaptic DAT |
123I-β-CIT | 123I-2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl)tropane | Presynaptic DAT |
123I-IPT | 123I-N-(3-iodopropen-2-yl)-2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-chlorophenyl)tropane | Presynaptic DAT |
99mTc-TRODAT-1 | 99mTc-[2-[[2-[[[3-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo [1–3] oct-2-yl]methyl](2-mercaptoethyl)amino]ethyl]amino]ethanethiolato(3-)-N2,N2′,S2,S2′]oxo-[1R-(exo-exo)] | Presynaptic DAT |
123I-IBZM | 123I-(S)-(−)-2-hydroxy-3-iodo-6-methoxy-N-([1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidyl]-methyl)benzamide) | Postsynaptic D2 receptors |
123I-IBF | 123I-(S)-5-iodo-7-N-[(1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl]carboxamido-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran | Postsynaptic D2 receptors |
123I-epidepride | 123I-(S)-N-((1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)-5-iodo-2,3-dimethoxybenzamide | Postsynaptic D2 receptors |
Cerebral Perfusion | ||
99mTc-ECD | 99mTc-ethyl cysteinate diethylester | Cerebral perfusion |
99mTc-HMPAO | 99mTc-hexamethylpropyleneamineoxime | Cerebral perfusion |
123I-IMP | 123I-N-isopropyl-p-iodoamphetamine | Cerebral perfusion |
PET | ||
Nigrostriatal Integrity | ||
18F-dopa | 3,4-dihydroxy-6-18F-fluoro-L-phenylalanine | Presynaptic DAT |
18F-FE-PE2I | 18F-(E)-N-(3-iodoprop-2-enyl)-2β-carbofluoroethoxy-3β-(4′-methyl-phenyl)nortropane | Presynaptic DAT |
11C/18F-β-CFT | 11C/18F-2-β-carbomethoxy-3-β-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane | Presynaptic DAT |
11C-methylphenidate | 11C-methylphenidate | Presynaptic DAT |
11C/18F-DTBZ | 11C/18F-dihydrotetrabenazine | Presynaptic VMAT2 |
18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ | 18F-(+)-fluoropropyldihydrotetrabenazine | Presynaptic VMAT2 |
11C-raclopride | 11C-3,5-dichloro-N-[[(2S)-1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl]methyl]-2-hydroxy-6-methoxybenzamide | Postsynaptic D2 receptors |
Cerebral Amyloid | ||
11C-PIB | 2-(4-N-11C-methylaminophenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole | Cerebral amyloid |
18F-florbetaben | 4-{(E)-2-[4-(2-{2-[2-18F-Fluoroethoxy]ethoxy}ethoxy)phenyl]vinyl}-N-methylaniline | Cerebral amyloid |
Cerebral Tau | ||
18F-T807 (18F-AV-1451) | 7-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole | Cerebral tau |
18F-FDDNP | 2-(1-(6-[(2-18F-fluoroethyl)(methyl)amino]-2-naphthyl)ethylidene)malononitrile | Cerebral tau |
18F-THK523 | 2-(4-aminophenyl)-6-(2-18F-fluoroethoxy)quinoline | Cerebral tau |
18F-THK5105 | 6-[(3-18F-fluoro-2-hydroxy)propoxy]-2-(4-dimethyl-aminophenyl)quinolone | Cerebral tau |
11C-PBB3 | 11C-labelled phenyl/pyridinyl-butadienyl-benzothiazoles/benzothiazolium derivative | Cerebral tau |
Cerebral Metabolism | ||
18F-FDG | 18F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose | Glucose metabolism |
Neuroinflammation | ||
11C-(R)-PK11195 | 11C-1-(2-chlorophenyl-N-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide | Mitochondrial TSPO |
11C-DPA-713 | 11C-N,N-diethyl-2-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5,7-dimethyl-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl]-acetamide | Mitochondrial TSPO |
Myocardial Scintigraphy | ||
Dysautonomia | ||
123I-MIBG | 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine | Cardiovascular dysautonomia |