Table 1 Representative epidemiological studies of PD-cancer from 1995-2015

Lin et al., 2015 [7]

1.11 (0.90–1.37)^c

1.81 (1.46–2.23) ^c

3.42 (1.84–6.38) ^c

1.80 (1.52–2.13) ^c

1.56 (1.38–1.76) ^c

1.59 (1.25–2.01) ^c

1.59 (1.30–1.94) ^c

1.47 (1.31–1.65) ^c

1.62 (1.31–2.01) ^{c e}

1.83 (1.12–3.01) ^c

Ong et al., 2014 [6]

1.16 (1.1 0–1.22)

^c

0.89 (0.86–0.92) ^c

1.50 (1.34–1.68)

^c

0.98 (0.94–1.01)

^c

0.75 (0.71–0.78)

^c

0.86 (0.82–0.91)

^c

0.87 (0.80–0.95)

^c

Colon: 0.87 (0.83–0.91) ^c

Lymphatic: 1.11 (1.00–1.23)

^c

Corpus: 1.17 (1.03–1.32)

^c

Rectum: 0.89 (0.83–0.97) ^c

Myeloid: 0.82 (0.72–0.94) ^c

Cervix: 1.09 (0.83–1.40) ^c

Wirdefeldt et al., 2014 [5]

1.02 (0.86, 1.21)^a

1.05 (0.82, 1.36)^a

1.43 (0.95, 2.14)^a

1.12 (0.96– 1.31) ^a

1.11 (0.60–2.04) ^a

1.15 (0.89-1.48) ^a

0.61 (0.24–1.54)^a

Colon: 0.75 (0.54–1.04)^a

Lymphatic: 0.78 (0.35–1.76)^a

Corpus: 1.66 (1.21–2.28) ^a

1.24 (0.81–1.92) ^b

1.54 (0.96–2.49)^b

4.78 (2.24–10.2) ^b

0.99 (0.76–1.29)^b

1.59 (0.92–2.77) ^b

1.54 (0.95-2.50) ^b

1.43 (0.66–3.08) ^b

Colon:  1.66 (1.09–2.53) ^b

Lymphatic: 1.78 (0.83–3.8) ^c

Corpus: 2.55 (1.17–5.58) ^b

0.80 (0.57, 1.12) ^c

1.40 (1.04, 1.88) ^c

1.52 (0.86, 2.69)^c

0.77 (0.63–0.92) ^c

0.4 (0.24–0.66) ^c

0.40 (0.24-0.66) ^c

Colon: 0.74 (0.52, 1.05)^c

Myeloid: 2.95 (1.02–8.59) ^b

Corpus: 0.51 (0.23–1.13)^c

Rugbjerg et al., 2012 [15]

1.17 (1.02–1.34) ^c

1.29 (1.18–1.39) ^c

0.99 (0.67–1.40) ^c

0.74 (0.64–0.86) ^c

0.40 (0.33–0.48) ^c

0.48 (0.38–0.60) ^c

0.82 (0.73–0.92) ^c

Lymphatic: 0.66 (0.42–0.99) ^c

Corpus: 0.82 (0.58–1.13)^c

Kareus et al., 2012 [11]

1.71 (1.49–1.96)

0.22 (0.09–0.43)

0.22 (0.03–0.78)

0.55 (0.37–0.79)

Fois et al., 2010 [13]

0.9 (0.7 to 1.0) ^a

1.0 (0.8 to 1.1)^a

1.0 (0.4 to 2.1)^a

0.9 (0.7 to 1.1)^a

0.5 (0.4 to 0.7) ^a

0.7 (0.6 to 0.9) ^a

0.8 (0.5 to 1.1)^a

Colon: 0.7 (0.6 to 0.9) ^a

0.7 (0.4 to 1.2)^a

0.9 (0.6 to 1.3)^a

0.7 (0.4 to 1.0) ^c

0.6 (0.3 to 0.9) ^c

0.8 (0.1–2.8) ^c

0.7 (0.5 to 1.0) ^c

0.5 (0.4 to 0.8) ^c

0.5 (0.3 to 0.9) ^c

0.6 (0.3 to 0.9) ^c

0.5 (0.4 to 0.8) ^c

0.9 (0.4 to 1.6)^c

0.8 (0.2 to 2.0)^c

Lo et al., 2010 [166]

0.72 (0.27–1.9) ^{a d} 0.95 (0.38–2.4) ^c

1.01 (0.47–2.2) ^{a d}

0.45 (0.05–4.5)^{a d}

1.03 (0.26–4.2) ^{a d}

0.61 (0.11–3.4)^{a d}

0.80 (0.41–1.6) ^c

0.35 (0.10–1.2)^c

0.73 (0.24–2.2)^c

0.66 (0.27–1.6)^c

Becker et al., 2010 [167]

0.98 (0.53–1.80) ^c

0.86 (0.56–1.32)^c

0.47 (0.25–0.86) ^c

0.88 (0.48–1.63)^c

0.33 (0.18–0.61) ^{c e}

Driver et al., 2007 [12]

0.83 (0.14-4.96) ^c

0.74 (0.44–1.2)^c

0.32 (0.07–1.53)^c

0.68 (0.16–2.84)^c

0.54 (0.14–2.16)^c

0.81 (0.22-2.90)^c

Olsen et al., 2006 [4]

1.09 (0.90–1.33)^{a d}

1.26 (1.11–1.43) ^{a d}

0.97 (0.55–1.70) ^{a d}

0.99 (0.75–1.31)^{a d}

0.42 (0.22–0.80) ^{a d}

0.71 (0.55–0.91) ^{a d}

1.03 (0.50–2.14) ^{a d}

Colon: 1.29 (1.02–1.63) ^{a d}

0.43 (0.19–1.01)^{a d}

Cervix: 0.93 (0.66–1.31)^{a d}

Rectum: 0.98 (0.70–1.36)^{a d}

Olsen et al., 2005 [9]

1.24 (1.0–1.5) ^c

1.25 (1.1–1.4) ^c

1.32 (0.9–1.9)^c

0.74 (0.6–0.9) ^c

0.38 (0.3–0.5) ^c

0.52 (0.4–0.7) ^c

0.83 (0.6–1.1) ^c

Colon: 0.84 (0.7–1.0)^c

Myeloid: 0.69 (0.4–1.2)^c

Cervix: 0.76 (0.4–1.4)^c

Rectum: 0.89 (0.7–1.1)^c

Elbaz et al., 2005 [168]

1.76 (1.07–2.89) ^c

Minami et al., 2000 [169]

5.49 (1.10–16.03)

Moller et al., 1995 [10]

1.20 (0.9– 1.5)^c

1.24 (1.0–1.5)^c

1.61 (0.9–2.7)^c

0.79 (0.6–1.1)^c

0.29 (0.2–0.4) ^c

0.42 (0.2–0.7) ^c

0.91 (0.6– 1.4)^c

Colon: 0.96 (0.7– 1.2)^c

0.82 (0.4–1.4)^c

Cervix: 0.86 (0.3– 1.9)^c

Rectum: 0.98 (0.7–1.4)^c

Corpus: 0.89 (0.4– 1.6)^c