Table 4 Study characteristics of clinical trials on human Parkinson’s disease
From: The effects of exercise on cognition in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review
Authors | Study title | Subjects | Intervention | Study design |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Studies that specifically measured executive function (n = 4) | ||||
McKee et al. 2013 [29] | The Effects of Adapted Tango on Spatial Cognition and Disease Severity in Parkinson’s Disease | Total n = 33 PD | • Tango or education lessons | Randomized controlled trial |
• n = 15 tango | • Sessions 90 minutes long, 20 sessions over 12 weeks, follow-up after 10–12 weeks | |||
• n = 13 control | ||||
Cruise et al. 2011 [26] | Exercise and Parkinson's: benefits for cognition and quality of life | Total n = 28 PD | • Moderate-to-high-intensity anabolic and aerobic exercise or usual care | Single-blind randomized controlled trial |
• n = 15 exercise | ||||
• n = 13 control | • Sessions 1 hr/day, 2x/week for 12 weeks | |||
Ridgel et al. 2011 [28] | Changes in executive function after acute bouts of passive cycling in Parkinson's disease | Total n = 19 PD | • Low-intensity passive aerobic exercise (cycling) | Randomized controlled trial, cross-over |
• Sessions 1/week for 4 weeks | ||||
Tanaka et al. 2009 [27] | Benefits of physical exercise on executive functions in older people with Parkinson's disease | Total n = 20 PD | • Moderate-intensity multimodal exercise training (aerobic, resistance, coordination and balance) or usual care | Controlled trial* |
• n = 10 exercise | ||||
• n = 10 control | ||||
• Sessions 1 hr/day, 3x/week for 24 weeks, intensity increased every 4 weeks | ||||
Studies that measured unspecified aspects of cognition (n = 4) | ||||
Dos Santos Mendes et al. 2012 [25] | Motor learning, retention and transfer after virtual-reality-based training in Parkinson's disease - effect of motor and cognitive demands of games: a longitudinal, controlled clinical study | Total n = 27 | • Low-intensity Wii FitTM training, involving motor shifts and cognitive skills | Longitudinal pre-post trial |
• n = 16 PD | ||||
• n = 11 healthy control | • Sessions 1 hr/day, 2x/week for 7 weeks, follow-up at 60 days | |||
Pompeu et al. 2012 [24] | Effect of Nintendo WiiTM-based motor and cognitive training on activities of daily living in patients with Parkinson's disease: A randomised clinical trial | Total n = 32 PD | • Both groups: low-intensity stretching, strengthening | Single-blind randomized controlled trial |
• n = 16 exercise & Wii | ||||
• Experimental group: Wii FitTM -based motor/cognitive training | ||||
• n = 16 exercise no Wii | ||||
Control group: balance exercises without feedback or cognitive stimulation | ||||
• Sessions 1 hr/day, 2x/wk for 7 weeks, follow-up at 60 days | ||||
Müller et al. 2010 [23] | Effect of exercise on reactivity and motor behaviour in patients with Parkinson's disease | Total n = 22 PD | • Single bout of high-intensity endurance aerobic exercise (heart rate-targeted cycling) or rest following L-dopa administration | Randomized controlled feasibility trial, cross-over |
• Randomized order 1 day apart | ||||
Baatile et al. 2000 [22] | Effect of exercise on perceived quality of life of individuals with Parkinson's disease | Total n = 6 PD | • Low-intensity aerobic exercise program with Nordic walking poles (PoleStriding) | Nonrandomized feasibility trial, no control |
• Sessions 3x/week for 8 weeks | ||||