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Table 4 Clinical data on ELA, Alzheimer’s disease, and dementia

From: Early life adversity as a risk factor for cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease

Type of study design

Subjects

Stressors

Follow-up

Diagnosis of AD/other dementias

References

Longitudinal study

4108 subjects, 65–105 years of age

Parental death

18 months

[83]

Cross-sectional study

296 subjects, 66.1 (± 5.8) years of age

Assessed by the childhood trauma questionnaire

Not applicable

[24]

Longitudinal study

2682 men, 42 and 61 years of age

Living in custody or an orphanage, experience of crisis in childhood, having problems with teachers, and emigrating because of war.

Not applicable

[84]

Cohort study

17,412 subjects, 65 years of age or older

Assessed by the adverse childhood experience questionnaire

3 years

[85]

Cohort study

16,821 subjects, 65 years of age or older

Assessed by the adverse childhood experience questionnaire

3 years

[86]

Cross-sectional study

1488 subjects, 65 years of age or older

Assessed by the adverse childhood experience questionnaire

Not applicable

[87]

Cross-sectional study

1755 men, 57.2 (± 13.5) years of age

Assessed by the adverse childhood experiences questionnaire

Not applicable

[88]

  1. AD Alzheimer’s disease; ELA early life adversity
  2. The symbol “↑” represents an increased diagnosis of AD/other dementias