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Table 3 Summary of stem cell-derived EVs as potential therapeutic agents for NDs

From: Extracellular vesicles, from the pathogenesis to the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases

Cell origin

Disease

Therapeutic cargos

Targets

Administration mode

Models

Outcomes

References

MSC

AD

miR-29

HDAC4

Weekly intravenous injection for 4 weeks

hAPP-J20 mice

Improve cognitive function, decrease Aβ levels, inhibit astrocyte activation.

[208]

MSC

AD

NEP

Aβ

Co-culture

N2a cells

Promote Aβ degradation

[209]

MSC

AD

miR-223

PTEN

Co-culture

Aβ-treated SH-SY5Y cells

Inhibit neuronal cell apoptosis, enhance cell migration

[213]

MSC

AD

–

–

Co-culture

TG2576 mouse-derived neurons

Reduces Aβ levels, attenuates apoptosis, increases neurite outgrowth

[214]

MSC

AD

–

–

Intracerebroventricle injection once per 2 days for 2 weeks

APP/PS1 mice

Mitigate neuroinflammation and neural impairment

[221]

MSC

PD

–

–

SNpc and striatum injection

6-OHDA-injected rats

Attenuate fine motor deficits, protects against TH damage

[216, 218]

MSC

PD

–

–

Diluted in inactivated OP50

Two C. elegans models

Reduce α-syn levels

[211]

MSC

PD

–

–

Intravenous injection every 3 days for 8 weeks

6-OHDA-injected rats

Improve the behavioral deficits, reduce dopaminergic neuron loss

[215]

MSC

PD

–

SMAD3, p38 MAPK

Subcutaneous injection into the right forelimb

MPTP-injected mice

Promote angiogenesis

[217]

MSC

PD

–

–

Co-culture

6-OHDA-treated SH-SY5Y cells

Protect neuronal cells from oxidative damage

[223]

MSC

ALS

–

–

Co-culture

Mutant SOD1-NSC-34 cells

Promote cell survival, inhibit apoptotic genes

[219]

MSC

ALS

–

–

Intravenous and intranasal injection

SOD1(G93A) mice

Improve motor performance, inhibit neurodegeneration

[220]

MSC

ALS

–

–

Co-culture

Mutant SOD1-overexpressing NSC-34 cells

Protect NSC-34 cells from oxidative damage and apoptosis

[224]

NSC

AD

–

–

Single retro-orbital vein injection

5×FAD mice

Reduce Aβ deposition, rescue the cognitive defects

[228]

NSC

AD

–

–

Bilateral injection into the lateral ventricles

APP/PS1 mice

Rescue the cognitive defects

[229]

NSC

PD

–

–

Injection into the SN region

6-OHDA-induced mice

Reduce ROS levels and 6-OHDA-induced dopaminergic neuronal loss

[230]

NBC

AD

GSLs

Aβ

Brain infusion for 2 weeks

APPSweInd mice

Decrease Aβ pathologies

[239]

SHED

PD

–

–

Co-culture

6-OHDA-treated neuron

Suppress 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis

[238]