Table 2 Summary of differentially expressed EV contents and their potential diagnostic values in NDs

AD

APOC3, APOH, C4BPα, CO3, KV230

AACT, CO9, IGHM, K2C6A

–

–

–

Serum EVs

Human

[172]

AD

miR-342-3p, miR-23b-3p, miR-24-3p, miR-125b-5p

miR-141-3p, miR-342-5p

0.919

81.7

–

Serum EVs

Human

[174]

AD

BACE-1-AS-LncRNA (in Pre-AD)

BACE-1-AS-LncRNA (in late AD)

–

75 (pre-AD)

68 (late-AD)

100

100

Plasma EVs

Human

[177]

AD

miR-135a, miR-384

miR-193b

–

99

95

Plasma EVs

Human

[175]

AD

miR-138-5p, miR-342-3p

miR-29c-5p, miR-143-3p, miR-335-5p, miR-485-5p

0.880

–

–

Serum EVs

Human

[176]

AD

–

Aβ_42/40

miR-384

0.973

0.909

–

–

Blood NCAM⁺ NDEVs

Human

[178]

AD

–

miR-29c-3p

0.927

Blood NCAM⁺ NDEVs

Human

[179]

AD

miR-212

miR-132

–

0.84

0.77

92.2

69

Blood L1CAM⁺ NDEVs

Human

[180]

AD

–

tau, p-T181-tau,

p-S396-tau, Aβ₁₋₄₂

0.99

96

Blood L1CAM⁺ NDEVs

Human

[181]

PD

–

α-synuclein

0.724

76.8

53.5

Plasma EVs

Mouse

[183]

PD

Prp

–

–

–

–

Plasma EVs

Human

[184]

PD

miR-1

miR-19b-3p

miR-153, miR-409-3p

miR-10a-5p

let-7 g-3p

0.920

0.705

0.990

0.900

–

–

CSF EVs

Human

[185]

PD

–

α-synuclein, clusterin

0.98 (PD VS. atypical PD)

–

–

Serum EVs

Human

[119]

PD

α-synuclein (in PD VS. MSA)

0.902 PD VS. MSA)

–

–

Blood MOG⁺ ODEVs, L1CAM⁺ NDEVs

Human

[136]

ALS

–

CORO1A

–

–

–

Plasma EVs

Human

[186]

ALS

–

TDP-43, NFL

–

–

–

Plasma EVs

Human

[187]

ALS

miR-146a-5p

–

–

–

–

CSF EVs

Human

[189]

ALS

–

miR-15a-5p

miR-193a-5p

0.976

0.844

92.9

80.0

91.7

88.9

Plasma EVs

Human

[190]

ALS

miR-10b-5p

miR-29b-3p

miR-146-5p

miR-199a-3p, miR-199a-5p

miR-151a-3p, miR-151a-5p

–

–

–

Plasma L1CAM⁺ NDEVs

Human

[191]