Fig. 2
From: Extracellular vesicles, from the pathogenesis to the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases
The pathological effects of EVs on NDs. In the brain, there are EVs released from brain cells (e.g., neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes) and peripheral EVs that enter the brain through the BBB. Under pathological conditions, these EVs carry pathogenic factors including proteins/peptides, coding and non-coding RNAs, and lipids that contribute to the onset and progression of NDs through facilitating the spreading and aggregation of pathogenic molecules, enhancing cell death, stimulating inflammatory responses, and disrupting the BBB