Fig. 2

Alzheimer’s associated pathologies in the anterior insula of PD, PDD and DLB donors. In PD_3, a neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) is seen with distal swellings (a, c); in PD_4, p-tau immunoreactivity was seen in a fork cell (b) and subpial thorny astrocytes in the agranular insula are seen also in PD_3 (d). NFTs with fragmentation of distal fibers were observed in PDD_1 and PDD_4 (e–h). In DLB_2, more severe neuropil threads, NFT with fragmentation (i), ghost tangles (j) and neuritic plaque in DLB_1 (k), and glial tauopathy in DLB_2 (l) were seen. For amyloid-β (M08720, Dako), subpial pathology (m) and diffuse plaques (n) were seen in dysgranular insula in PD_4. In DLB_8, diffuse plaques with partial densification (o) and classic plaques (p) were seen. In PDD_3, CAA in dysgranular insula (q) and blood vessels surrounded by perivascular amyloid-β plaques (r) in agranular insula were seen. In DLB_8, peri-vascular and vascular amyloid-β pathology (s–u) were found surrounded by amyloid-β plaques. Magnification 630 × ; Scale bars: 50 μm. CAA: Cerebral amyloid angiopathy; DLB: dementia with Lewy bodies; NFT: neurofibrillary tangles; PD: Parkinson’s disease; PDD: Parkinson’s disease dementia