Fig. 5
From: Gut microbiome, cognitive function and brain structure: a multi-omics integration analysis
Associations between gut metagenomic alterations and cognitive function in the GNHS. a–c Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) plots of Bray–Curtis (BC) dissimilarities at the species level display the compositional alterations of gut microbiome over 3 years in groups with different cognitive status. d Comparison of microbial alterations quantified by Bray–Curtis dissimilarities of species among participants with different cognitive performance. P values were generated from multinomial logistic regression models. Boxplots show median and interquartile ranges (IQR). Whiskers specify ± 1.5 × IQR. Participants were classified into corresponding degrees of cognitive impairment according to their MMSE scores: ‘Mild’ (score ≤ 25), ‘Questionable’ (score 26–29) and ‘Normal’ (score 30). GNHS Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Study