Translational Neurodegeneration

Table 2 Summary of levels of major lipid classes in CSF and spinal cords of human ALS patients from metabolomic and lipidomic studies

From: Deciphering lipid dysregulation in ALS: from mechanisms to translational medicine

Tissue source	CSF		Spinal cord
References	Blasco et al. [65]	Sol et al. [61]	Cuttler et al. [33]	Dodge et al. [36, 209]	Ramírez- Nuñez et al. [70]
Number of ALS patients	40	23	9	6 male	4
Tissue details	CSF	CSF	Lumbar spinal cord	Spinal cord gray matter	Nuclei of lumbar spinal cord
Experiment	Lipidomics	Lipidomics	Targeted	Targeted	Lipidomics
Species detected	200	843	4 lipid classes	9 lipid classes	n.a.
Differential species	19	17	n.a.	n.a.	151
Sphingolipids
Sphingomyelins	Higher	n.a.	Higher	Higher	n.a.
Ceramides	n.d.	n.a.	Higher	Higher	Mixed
Glucosylceramides	Higher	n.a.	n.d.	Higher	Lower
Galactosylceramides	n.d.	n.a.	n.d.	Higher	n.a.
Lactosylceramides	n.d.	n.a.	n.d.	Higher	Higher
Globosides	n.d.	n.a.	n.d.	Higher	n.a.
Gangliosides	n.d.	n.a.	n.d.	Higher	n.a.
Glycerolipids
Diglycerides	n.d.	Lower	n.d.	n.d.	Mixed
Triglycerides	Lower	Lower	n.d.	Higher	Mixed
Glycerophospholipids
Phosphatidylcholine	Higher	n.a.	n.s.	n.d.	Higher
Phosphatidylethanolamine	n.s.	n.a.	n.s.	n.d.	Higher
Phosphatidylinositol	n.s.	n.a.	n.s.	n.d.	n.s.
Phosphatidylserine	n.d.	n.a.	n.s.	n.d.	Mixed
Phosphatidylglycerol	n.d.	n.a.	n.s.	n.d.	Mixed
Lysophospholipids	Higher	n.a.	n.d.	Higher	Higher
Fatty acids
Saturated fatty acids	n.d.	n.a.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.
Monounsaturated FA	n.d.	n.a.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.
Polyunsaturated FA	n.d.	n.a.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.
Arachidonate (20:4)	n.d.	n.a.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.
Sterols
Cholesterol Esters	n.s.	n.a.	Higher	Higher	n.d.
Cholesterol	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.s.	n.d.

n.s., not significantly different; n.d., not detected; n.a., unknown/information not available

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