Fig. 3

Immunocytochemical analyses of nasal swabs (NS) of controls and PD patients. a, b OM cell preparations from NS of AN (a) and MT (b) of a PD patient and immunostained with anti-β-tubulin III antibody (green) (scale bars 25 µm, magnification 20×). Thin and elongated β-III tubulin-positive cells with a neuronal-shape morphology are dominant in AN (inset, scale bar 25 µm) compared to MT (inset, scale bar 25 µm). c, d Immunostaining with anti-α-syn (red) and anti-phospho-α-syn (green) antibodies of NS from the PD patient showed α-syn and phospho-α-syn deposits in neuronal-shaped and ciliated cells. In contrast, NS from a non-PD patient (e) and normal control (f) showed a weak positivity (scale bar 25 µm, magnification 40×). Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue)