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Table 1 Summary of comparative outcomes for sleep disturbances

From: Genetic heterogeneity on sleep disorders in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Gene variant

No. of sources

PD with gene variant/controls (n)

Main effect

Heterogeneity

OR or SMD (95% CI)*

P value

I2 statistic (%)

P value

RBD in PD patients with/without gene variants

 GBA

7

382/2248

OR: 1.82 (1.21–2.74)

0.004

55.8

0.035

  E326K&T369M

2

125/1533

OR: 1.43 (0.98–2.07)

0.062

83.4

0.014

  N370S

2

86/414

OR: 1.64 (1.03–2.61)

0.039

0.0

0.396

  L444P

2

70/125

OR: 2.02 (1.08–3.75)

0.021

37.9

0.204

 GBA

7

478/2149

SMD: 0.33 (0.21–0.45)

0.000

0.0

0.581

  N370S

4

304/564

SMD: 0.24 (0.09–0.39)

0.002

0.0

0.919

 LRRK2

13

969/3017

OR: 0.69 (0.48–1.00)

0.051

71.7

0.000

  G2019S

8

685/1191

OR: 0.49 (0.39–0.61)

0.000

0.0

0.639

  G2385R

4

266/1450

OR: 1.53 (0.75–3.13)

0.244

75.5

0.007

 LRRK2

7

512/2858

SMD: − 0.06 (− 0.32 to 0.19)

0.628

78.6

0.000

  G2019S

4

347/555

SMD: − 0.33 (− 0.47 to − 0.20)

0.000

0.0

0.596

  G2385R

2

155 / 759

SMD: 0.21 (− 0.12 to 0.53)

0.218

71.1

0.063

 PRKN

5

122/337

OR: 0.74 (0.29–1.86)

0.519

60.9

0.037

 PRKN

2

107/1568

SMD: − 0.17 (− 0.37 to 0.04)

0.109

49.1

0.161

RBD in asymptomatic patients with gene variants and HC

 GBA

4

261/370

OR: 1.04 (0.68–1.59)

0.861

0.0

0.920

 GBA

2

135/81

OR: 0.22 (− 0.08 to 0.52)

0.158

0.0

0.333

 GBA (baseline)

2

43/38

SMD: − 0.26 (− 0.69 to 0.18)

0.252

0.0

0.922

 GBA (follow-up)

2

43/38

SMD: 0.63 (0.18–1.08)

0.006

0.0

0.874

 LRRK2

6

615/610

OR: 0.89 (0.52–1.52)

0.659

53.0

0.059

  G2019S

5

551/562

OR: 0.81 (0.59–1.11)

0.195

44.6

0.124

 LRRK2

6

457/389

SMD: 0.08 (− 0.25 to 0.41)

0.636

79.3

0.000

EDS in PD patients with/without gene variants

 GBA

2

136/1786

OR: 0.02 (− 0.16 to 0.20)

0.832

0.0

0.437

 LRRK2

5

289/1269

OR: 1.29 (0.59–2.82)

0.530

65.4

0.021

  G2019S

3

111/89

OR: 2.49 (0.92–6.72)

0.073

37.2

0.204

  G2385R

2

178/1180

OR: 0.79 (0.57–1.09)

0.152

0.0

0.427

 LRRK2

7

379/2628

SMD: 0.05 (− 0.07 to 0.17)

0.457

19.0

0.284

  G2019S

5

290/550

SMD: 0.05 (− 0.10 to 0.19)

 

0.0

0.689

 PRKN

2

30/91

OR: 0.21 (0.04–1.23)

0.084

0.0

0.424

 PRKN

4

171/1787

SMD: 0.11 (− 0.3 to 0.53)

0.601

75.9

0.006

EDS in asymptomatic patients with gene variants and HC

 LRRK2

4

398/320

OR: 1.06 (0.68–1.65)

0.811

0.0

0.446

 LRRK2

4

251/227

SMD: − 0.10 (− 0.43 to 0.24)

0.574

57.8

0.068

RLS in PD patients with/without gene variants

 LRRK2

3

276/1199

OR: 0.81 (0.60–1.11)

0.186

0.0

0.918

  G2019S

2

113/137

OR: 0.78 (0.36–1.69)

0.525

0.0

0.692

 PRKN

3

41/102

OR: 1.01 (0.08–13.22)

0.995

74.6

0.020

PDSS score in PD patients with/without gene variants

 LRRK2

3

67/170

SMD: 0.12 (− 0.20 to 0.43)

0.463

16.7

0.301

  G2019S

2

51/52

SMD: 0.19 (− 0.20 to 0.58)

0.336

50.2

0.156

  1. Bold type indicates statistical significant outcomes
  2. OR odds ratio, SMD standard mean difference, RBD rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder, EDS excessive daytime sleepiness, RLS restless legs syndrome, PDSS Parkinson Disease Sleep Scale, GBA glucocerebrosidase gene, LRRK2 Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene, PRKN parkin gene, HC healthy control
  3. aOR indicates odds ratio for the risk of sleep disturbances; SMD indicates standard mean difference for the severity of sleep disturbances evaluated by scales such as RBD Screening Questionnaire, Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Parkinson Disease Sleep Scale