Fig. 1
From: Prodromal Parkinson's disease: hype or hope for disease-modification trials?
Modified from Mahlknecht et al. 2018 [34], with kind permission from Wiley. * Markers added with the 2019 update of the MDS research criteria for prodromal PD [29]. EDS, excessive daytime somnolence; LR, likelihood ratio; OH, orhtostatic hypotension; PD, Parkinson’s disease; SN, substantia nigra
Schematic structure of MDS research criteria for prodromal PD. The approach by the MDS task force entails 1. assessment of pretest probability for prodromal PD based on age, 2. the sequential addition of LRs of various risk and prodromal markers, and 3. the calculation of post-test probabilities using the above information (see Berg  et al. 2015 [24] for further details).