Therapeutic methods | Treatment or drug | Subject or model | Target (or antibiotic range) | Effects or trial phase | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antibiotics | Doxycycline | APP/PS1 mice | Gram-positive bacteria Gram-negative bacteria | Cognitive dysfunction↓ Neuroinflammation↓ | [187] |
Gentamicin, Vancomycin, Metronidazole, Neomycin, Ampicillin, Kanamycin, Colistin, and Cefaperazone | APP/PS1 mice | Gram-positive bacteria Gram-negative bacteria | Aβ deposition↓ Soluble Aβ↓ Neuronal loss↓ Gliosis↓ | [188] | |
Rifampicin | AD patients | Gram-positive bacteria Gram-negative bacteria | Phase 2 | NCT03856359 | |
Doxycycline Rifampicin | AD patients | Gram-positive bacteria Gram-negative bacteria | Phase 3 | NCT00439166 | |
Doxycycline Rifampicin | AD patients | Gram-positive bacteria Gram-negative bacteria | Phase 3 | NCT00715858 | |
Minocycline | AD patients | Gram-positive bacteria Gram-negative bacteria | Phase 2 | NCT01463384 | |
Doxycycline Rifampicin | AD patients | Gram-positive bacteria Gram-negative bacteria | Dysfunctional behavior↓ Cognitive dysfunction↓ | [189] | |
Gingipain inhibitor | COR271 COR286 COR388 | BALB/c mice | Gingipain | Aβ deposition↓ TNF-α↓ Neuronal loss↓ | [59] |
COR388 | AD patients | Gingipain | Phase 2/3 | NCT03823404 | |
Probiotics | Lactobacillus acidophilus Bifidobacterium bifidum Bifidobacterium longum | Aβ-administered rats | Intestinal microbiota | Cognitive dysfunction↓ LTP↑ | [190] |
Bifidobacterium longum Lactobacillus acidophilus | APP/PS1 mice | Intestinal microbiota | Cognitive dysfunction↓ Aβ deposition↓ | [191] | |
Lactobacillus plantarum MTCC1325 | D-galactose-induced AD albino rats | Intestinal microbiota | Aβ deposition↓ NFT↓ Cognitive dysfunction↓ Acetylcholine level↑ | [192] | |
Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus fermentum | AD patients | Intestinal microbiota | MMSE score↑ | [193] | |
Lactobacillus casei W56, Lactococcus lactis W19, Lactobacillus acidophilus W22, Bifidobacterium lactis W52, Lactobacillus paracasei W20, Lactobacillus plantarum W62, Bifidobacterium lactis W51, Bifidobacterium bifidum W23, Lactobacillus salivarius W24 | AD patients | Intestinal microbiota | Systemic inflammation↓ | [194] | |
Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum | AD patients | Intestinal microbiota | MMSE score↑ | [195] | |
Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus plantarum, Bifidobacterium lactis Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum | AD patients | Intestinal microbiota | Cognitive dysfunction- | [196] | |
Intestinal microbiota reconstruction | Mediterranean-style diet | MCI patients | Non-specific bacteria | Changes of the microbiota | [157] |
Mediterranean-style diet | MCI patients | Non-specific bacteria | Changes of the microbiota | [197] | |
Curcumin | APP/PS1 mice | Non-specific bacteria | Cognitive impairment↓ Aβ deposition↓ Changes of the microbiota | [198] | |
Folate and vitamin B-12 | Aβ-administered rats | Non-specific bacteria | Changes of the microbiota | [199] | |
Ginsenoside Rg1 | Tree shrew model of AD | Non-specific bacteria | Aβ deposition↓ Phosphorylated tau↓ Pro-apoptotic factor↓ Changes of the microbiota | [200] | |
Streptococcus thermophilus, Bifidobacteria longum, Bifidobacteria breve, Bifidobacteria infantis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum,Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp, Bulgaricus, Lactobacillus brevis | 3xTg mice | Intestinal microbiota | Cognitive impairment↓ Aβ deposition↓ Neuronal loss↓ | [201] | |
NK46 (Bifidobacterium longum) oral administration | 5xFAD mice | Gram-negative bacteria | Pro-inflammatory cytokines↓ LPS↓ Gliosis↓ Neuronal loss↓ Aβ↓ Cognitive dysfunction↓ | [23] | |
Fecal microbiota transplant | ADLPAPT mice | Microbiota dysbiosis | Aβ deposition↓ NFT↓ Neuroinflammation↓ Cognitive dysfunction↓ | [202] | |
Fecal microbiota transplant | AD patients | Microbiota dysbiosis | MMSE score↑ | [203] | |
Fecal microbiota transplant | AD patients | Microbiota dysbiosis | Phase 1 | NCT03998423 |