Table 4 Localization and change of lipopolysaccharides in Alzheimer’s disease
Source | Subject | Method | Main findings | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Brain | AD patients | Immunoblot | LPS was detected in the area adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the parietal lobe of AD brain | [38] |
AD patients | WB IHC | LPS was detected in temporal lobe neocortex perinuclear region of AD brain LPS was co-localized with Aβ plaque | [125] | |
AD patients | IF WB | LPS was detected in superior temporal gyrus gray matter, frontal lobe white matter, and periventricular white matter of AD brain LPS was localized with Aβ plaque, neurons, microglia, and oligodendrocytes | [15] | |
AD patients | IHC | LPS was detected in superior temporal lobe neocortex of AD brain LPS was localized in neurons | [124] | |
AD patients | WB | LPS was detected in temporal lobe neocortex and hippocampus of AD brain | [123] | |
5×FAD mice | IF | LPS was detected in pyramidal and stratum oriens regions of hippocampus of AD brain LPS was co-localized with LPS-phagocytic cell | [23] | |
Blood | AD patients | LAL assay | LPS levels in AD patients were 3- to 6-fold compared with that in control | [22] |
5×FAD mice | ELISA | LPS levels in AD mice were 4-fold compared with that in control | [23] | |
5×FAD mice | LAL assay | LPS levels in AD mice were 4-fold compared with that in control | [136] | |
Feces | 5×FAD mice | LAL assay | LPS levels in AD mice were 3- to 4-fold compared with that in control |