Gram-negative bacteria and their lipopolysaccharides in Alzheimer’s disease: pathologic roles and therapeutic implications

Kim, Hyeon soo; Kim, Sujin; Shin, Soo Jung; Park, Yong Ho; Nam, Yunkwon; Kim, Chae won; Lee, Kang won; Kim, Sung-Min; Jung, In Duk; Yang, Hyun Duk; Park, Yeong-Min; Moon, Minho

doi:10.1186/s40035-021-00273-y

Table 2 Species of gram-negative bacteria exhibiting alteration in patients with Alzheimer’s disease

From: Gram-negative bacteria and their lipopolysaccharides in Alzheimer’s disease: pathologic roles and therapeutic implications

	Subject	Source	Method	Gram-negative bacteria						References
	Subject	Source	Method	Phylum	Class	Order	Family	Genus	Species	References
Peripheral system	AD patients	Blood	ELISA	Spirochetes	Spirochetes	Spirochetes	Spirochetaceae	Borrelia	Borrelia burgdorferi	[52]
				Chlamydia	Chlamydiae	Chlamydiales	Chlamydiaceae	Chlamydophila	Chlamydia pneumoniae
				Proteobacteria	Epsilonproteobacteria	Campylobacterales	Helicobacteraceae	Helicobacter	Helicobacter pylori
			WB	Spirochetes	Spirochetes	Spirochetes	Spirochetaceae	Borrelia	Borrelia burgdorferi	[53]
			ELISA WB	Spirochetes	Spirochetes	Spirochetes	Spirochetaceae	Borrelia	Borrelia burgdorferi	[46]
		Feces	PCR	Firmicutes	Negativicutes	Selenomonadales	Veillonellaceae	Dialister		[9]
				Firmicutes	Negativicutes	Acidaminococcales	Acidaminococcaceae	Phascolarctobacterium
				Bacteroidetes	Bacteroidia	Bacteroidales	Bacteroidaceae	Bacteroides
				Bacteroidetes	Bacteroidia	Bacteroidales	Rikenellaceae	Alistipes
				Actinobacteria	Actinobacteria	Bifidobacteriales	Bifidobacteriaceae	Bifidobacterium
				Actinobacteria	Actinobacteria	Coriobacteriales	Coriobacteriaceae	Adlercreutzia
				Proteobacteria	Deltaproteobacteria	Desulfovibrionales	Desulfovibrionaceae	Bilophila
Central system	AD patients	Brain	PCR EM IEM	Chlamydia	Chlamydiae	Chlamydiales	Chlamydiaceae	Chlamydophila	Chlamydia pneumoniae	[40]
			PCR	Proteobacteria	Gammaproteobacteria	Pseudomonadales	Methylobacteriaceae Moraxellaceae Bradyrhizobiaceae Sphingomonadaceae Comamonadaceae Xanthomonadaceae			[13]
			PCR	Bacteroidetes						[13]
			PCR	Chlamydia	Chlamydiae	Chlamydiales	Chlamydiaceae	Chlamydophila	Chlamydia pneumoniae	[41]
			PCR	Spirochetes	Spirochaetes	Spirochaetes	Spirochaetaceae	Borrelia Treponemas	Borrelia burgdorferi T. pectinovorum T. amylovorum T. lecithinolyticum T. maltophilum, T. medium T. socranski	[42]
			PCR	Chlamydia	Chlamydiae	Chlamydiales	Chlamydiaceae	Chlamydophila	Chlamydia pneumoniae	[43]
			EM AFM	Spirochetes						[44]
			PCR	Chlamydia	Chlamydiae	Chlamydiales	Chlamydiaceae	Chlamydophila	Chlamydia pneumoniae	[45]
			IF	Bacteroidetes	Bacteroidia	Bacteroidales	Porphyromonadaceae	Porphyromonas	P. gingivalis	[38]
			IF	Spirochetes	Spirochetes	Spirochete	Spirochetaceae	Treponema	T. denticola T. forsythia	[38]
			WB	Spirochetes	Spirochetes	Spirochetes	Spirochetaceae	Borrelia	Borrelia burgdorferi	[46]
			WB ICC PCR	Proteobacteria	Gammaproteobacteria	Enterobacterales	Enterobacteriaceae	Escherichia coli		[15]
		CSF	PCR	Chlamydia	Chlamydiae	Chlamydiales	Chlamydiaceae	Chlamydophila	Chlamydia pneumoniae	[47]
			ELISA	Proteobacteria	Epsilonproteobacteria	Campylobacterales	Helicobacteraceae	Helicobacter	Helicobacter pylori	[48]
			Serological analysis ELISA WB	Spirochetes	Spirochetes	Spirochetes	Spirochetaceae	Borrelia	Borrelia burgdorferi	[46]
			Histopathologic analysis	Spirochetes						[49]

AD Alzheimer’s disease, AFM atomic force microscopy, CSF cerebrospinal fluid, ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, EM electron microscopy, ICC immunocytochemistry, IEM immunoelectron microscopy, IF immunofluorescence, IHC immunohistochemistry, PCR polymerase chain reaction, WB western blot

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ISSN: 2047-9158

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