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Fig. 1 | Translational Neurodegeneration

Fig. 1

From: TLR2 and TLR4 in Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis: the environment takes a toll on the gut

Fig. 1

Representative schematic of TLR2 and TLR4 distribution in the gut. The Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2 and TLR4) are expressed by many different cell populations throughout the gastrointestinal barrier, where they are activated by microbial metabolites and endogenous molecules. TLR2 and TLR4 are expressed by intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and enteroendocrine cells (EECs) in the epithelial barrier, macrophages, dendritic cells in the submucosa, and smooth muscle cells in the muscular layer of the gut and throughout the enteric nervous system (subepithelial and myenteric, neurons and glia) [37, 81, 125, 126]. In addition to a role in innate immunity, TLR2 and TLR4 in the gut can regulate homeostasis and permeability, and influence motility through their effect on the enteric nervous system [3]. Figure created with Biorender.com

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