Table 1 Review of studies that assessed the effects of language training on oral and written naming abilities in patients with primary progressive aphasia
From: Language training for oral and written naming impairment in primary progressive aphasia: a review
Study | Number of patients | Age, Mean (SD) | Protocol design | Language intervention and duration | Follow-up (weeks) | Outcome measures | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lexical retrieval treatment (LRT) | |||||||
 Frattali and Kang, 2004 [80] | 1 svPPA 2 post-stroke aphasia | svPPA: 66 post-stroke aphasia: 65 (8.0) | Single-case pre-post design, treatment as within-subject factor | LRT using an errorless and effortful approach Duration: 9–12 sessions (120 min, 8–12 weeks) | 24 | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns and verbs (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns and verbs (whole words) | Oral naming results in svPPA: - Improvement in naming for both trained nouns and verbs after errorless and effortful approach - No improvement in naming for both untrained nouns and verbs Gains not maintained at follow-up. |
 Jokel et al., 2009 [79] | 2 nf/avPPA | 66.5 (8.5) | Case series pre-post design | LRT Duration: 12 sessions (60 min, 3 weeks) | 4 and 24 | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns from PNT (whole words) Generalization measures: - syntactic generation task | Oral naming results: - Improvement in naming for trained items - No improvement in naming for untrained items - No improvement in naming for untrained items from PNT Generalization: - Syntactic generation task Gains maintained at 4-week follow-up: - Improvement in naming for trained items Gains not maintained at 24-week follow-up |
 Dressel et al., 2010 [65] | 1 svPPA | 48 | Single-case pre-post design, treatment as within-subject factor | LRT: semantic and phonological cueing hierarchies Duration: 20 sessions (4 weeks) | 8 | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns (whole words) Other measures: - fMRI data | Oral naming results: - Improvement in naming for trained items after both types of treatment - No improvement in naming for untrained items after both types of treatment Gains maintained at follow-up: Improvement in naming for trained items Other results: Changes in cortical activity, predominantly located in right superior and inferior temporal gyrus, after treatment |
 Henry et al., 2013 [75] | 1 svPPA 1 l/phvPPA | svPPA: 60 l/phvPPA: 54 | Case series pre-post design (multiple baseline design) | svPPA patient: lexical retrieval cascade treatment plus homework Duration: 8 sessions (60 min, 4 weeks) plus 20 sessions of homework (30 min, 4 weeks) followed by: Generative naming tasks plus homework Duration: 12 sessions (120 min, 2.5 weeks) plus 12 sessions of homework (60 min, 2.5 weeks) l/phvPPA patient: Modified lexical retrieval cascade treatment plus homework Duration: 6 sessions (60 min, 8 weeks) plus 18 sessions of homework (60 min, 6 weeks) | svPPA patient: 4 and 12 l/phvPPA patient: 4, 8, 12 and 24 | svPPA patient: Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns from BNT and WAB (whole words) l/phvPPA patient: Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns (whole words) Written naming: - Written naming of trained nouns (letter accuracy) - Written naming of untrained nouns (letter accuracy) | Oral naming results in svPPA: - Improvement in naming for trained and untrained items - Improvement in naming for untrained items from BNT only after Generative naming task Gains maintained at follow-ups: - Improvement in naming for trained and untrained items Oral naming results in l/phvPPA: - Improvement in naming for trained and untrained items Gains maintained at follow-ups: - Improvement in naming for trained and untrained items Written naming results in l/phvPPA: - Improvement in naming for trained items - No improvement in naming for untrained items Gains maintained at 4-week follow-up: - Improvement in naming for trained items |
 Croot et al., 2015 [18] | 1 nf/avPPA 1 l/phvPPA | nf/avPPA: 80 l/phvPPA: 54 | Case series pre-post design | LRT: RRIPP Duration: 10 sessions (2 weeks) | nf/avPPA patient: 4 l/phvPPA patient: 36 | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns (whole words) Generalization measure: - Word retrieval in structured interview | Oral naming results: - Improvement in naming for trained items - No improvement in naming for untrained items Generalization: - None Gains not maintained at follow-ups. |
 Macoir et al., 2015 [81] | 1 svPPA | 72 | Single-case pre-post design, multiple baseline design | LRT: semantic and phonological cueing hierarchies Duration: 12 sessions (7 weeks) | 4 | Oral naming: - Naming of trained verbs (whole words) - Naming of untrained verbs (whole words) | Oral naming results: - Improvement in naming for trained items - No improvement in naming for untrained items Gains maintained at follow-up: Improvement in naming for trained items |
 Beales et al., 2016 [83] | 3 svPPA 1 l/phvPPA | svPPA: 61 (7.0) l/phvPPA: 58 | Case series pre-post, multiple baseline across-behaviours design | LRT: Semantic, phonological, orthographic and autobiographical cue plus homework Duration: 8 sessions (90 min, 4 weeks) plus 8 sessions of homework (30 min, 4 weeks) | 4 (at 5 weeks only a svPPA patient) | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns, verbs and adjectives (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns, verbs and adjectives (whole words) Generalization measures: - Discourse measures (incidence of word classes and correct information units) - Self-assessment of change measures (self-efficacy scale and word-finding questionnaire) | Oral naming results: - Improvement in naming for trained items (no differences between word classes) for three patients (2 svPPA and 1 l/phvPPA) - Improvement in naming for trained items (for nouns and adjectives, no verbs) only for a svPPA patient - Improvement in naming for untrained items (for verbs and adjectives, no nouns) only for a svPPA patient - Improvement in naming for untrained items (for only nouns) only for a svPPA patient - Improvement in naming for untrained items (for only adjectives) for two patients (1 svPPA and 1 l/phvPPA) Generalization: - Only verbs in discourse for a svPPA patient - Only adjectives in discourse for a svPPA patient - All word classes in discourse for two patients (1 svPPA and 1 l/phvPPA) - Self-efficacy scale and word-finding questionnaire for all participant Gains maintained at follow-up: - Improvement in naming for trained items for all patients - Improvement in naming for untrained items for all patients |
 Grasso et al., 2017 [82] | 1 MCI 1 l/phvPPA | MCI: 79 l/phvPPA: 66 | Single-case pre-post design (single-subject multiple baseline crossover design) | Lexical retrieval cascade treatment plus homework -MCI: Duration: 18 sessions (30 min, 9 weeks) plus 45 sessions of homework (30 min, 9 weeks) -l/phvPPA: Duration: 12 sessions (60 min, 6 weeks) plus 30 sessions of homework (30 min, 6 weeks) | 12, 24 and 48 | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns from BNT and WAB (whole words) | Oral naming results in l/phvPPA: - Improvement in naming for trained and untrained items (small effect) Gains maintained at follow-ups: - Improvement in naming for trained and untrained items |
 Kim, 2017 [77] | 1 l/phvPPA | 63 | Single-case pre-post, multiple baseline crossover design | Lexical retrieval cascade treatment plus homework Duration: 8 sessions (50 min, 4 weeks) plus daily homework | 20 | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns (whole words) Generalization measure: - Discourse measures | Oral naming results: - Improvement in naming for trained items - No improvement in naming for untrained items Gains maintained at follow-up: - Improvement in naming for trained items Generalization: - Naming during scene description in one l/phvPPA patient (small effect) |
 Jafari et al., 2018 [66] | 1 nf/avPPA | 56 | Single-case pre-post design, treatment as within-subjects factor | LRT: semantic and phonological cueing hierarchies vs. integrated therapy in narrative discourse context Duration: 8 sessions (60 min, 4 weeks) | 2 | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns and verbs (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns and verbs (whole words) | Oral naming results: - Improvement in naming for both trained nouns and verbs after both types of training - Improvement in naming for both untrained nouns and verbs only after the integrated therapy Gains maintained at follow-up: -Improvement in naming for both trained nouns and verbs, although there was a decreasing trend to some extents, compared to baseline |
 Croot et al., 2019 [78] | 3 nf/avPPA 2 svPPA 2 l/phvPPA 1 mixed PPA | nf/avPPA: 66.7 (6.8) svPPA: 64 (5.0) l/phvPPA: 61.5 (2.5) Mixed PPA: 68 | Case series pre-post design | LRT: RRIPP Duration: 10-20 sessions in the first and second treatment period (2-4 weeks) and 104 sessions in the third treatment period (26 weeks) | From 9 to 84 | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns, verbs and adjectives (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns, verbs and adjectives (whole words) | Oral naming results: - Improvement in naming for trained items for participants that completed three periods of treatment - No improvement in naming for untrained items Gains maintained at follow-ups: - Improvement in naming for trained items |
 Dial et al., 2019 [84] | 10 nf/avPPA (5 teletherapy; 5 FTF treatment) 10 svPPA (4 teletherapy; 6 FTF treatment) 11 l/phvPPA (5 teletherapy; 6 FTF treatment) | Script training (VISTA), Teletherapy: 67.8 (7.3) Script training (VISTA), FTF: 67.6 (3.9) LRT, Teletherapy: 61 (6.3) LRT, FTF: 68.9 (7.1) | Case series pre-post design | nf/avPPA patient: VISTA plus homework Duration: 8-12 sessions (45-60 min, 4-6 weeks) plus daily homework (30 min) svPPA and l/phvPPA patients: Lexical Retrieval Cascade Treatment (LRT1) plus homework (CART) Duration: 4-8 sessions (60 min, 4-8 weeks) plus daily homework (30 min) or modified- lexical retrieval cascade treatment (LRT2) plus homework (CART) Duration: 8-16 sessions (60 min, 4-8 weeks) plus daily homework (30 min) followed by Booster phase: 8 sessions (30 min, 4 weeks) | 12, 24 and 48 | nf/avPPA patients: No oral naming outcome. Primary outcome: - Writing of trained scripts (whole words) - Writing of untrained scripts (whole words) Generalization measures: - Syntactic production task (Northwestern Anagram Test) - WAB AQ svPPA and l/phvPPA: Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns from BNT (whole words) Generalization measure: - WAB AQ | Results in nf/avPPA: - Improvement of trained scripts after both types of treatment (teletherapy or FTF) - No improvement of untrained scripts after both types of treatment (teletherapy or FTF) Generalization: None Gains maintained at follow ups: Improvement of trained scripts Oral naming results in svPPA and l/phvPPA: - Improvement in naming for trained items after both types of treatment (teletherapy or FTF) - No improvement in naming for untrained items after both types of treatment (greater effect for teletherapy) - Improvement in naming for untrained items from BNT after both types of treatment (teletherapy or FTF) Generalization: - WAB AQ after both types of treatment (teletherapy or FTF) Gains maintained at follow-ups: - Improvement in naming for trained items - Improvement in naming for untrained items until 12 weeks - Improvement in naming of untrained items from BNT until 24 weeks |
 Henry et al., 2019 [76] | 9 svPPA 9 l/phvPPA | svPPA: 67.3 (8.7) l/phvPPA: 63.2 (7.8) | Case series pre-post design, treatment as within subjects factor | LRT1 plus homework (CART) Duration: 4-8 sessions (60 min, 4-8 weeks) plus daily homework (15 min) or LRT2 plus homework (CART) Duration: 8-16 sessions (60 min, 4-8 weeks) plus daily homework (15 min) followed by Booster phase: 8 sessions (30 min, 4 weeks) | 12, 24, 48 | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns from BNT (whole words) Generalization measures: - WAB AQ | Oral naming results: - Improvement in naming for trained items (no differences between LRT1 or LRT2 group) - Improvement in naming for untrained items (no differences between LRT1 or LRT2 group) - Improvement in naming for untrained items (BNT, grater effect after LRT1) Generalization: - None Gains maintained at 24-week follow-up: - Improvement in naming for untrained items from BNT only until 24 weeks (no differences between LRT1 or LRT2 group) Gains maintained at follow-ups: - Improvement in naming for trained items (no differences between LRT1 or LRT2 group) - Improvement in naming for untrained items (grater effects after LRT2 at 12-week follow-up) |
Phonological and/or orthographic treatment | |||||||
 Louis et al., 2001 [88] | 3 nf/avPPA | nf/avPPA: 70.7 (5.3) | Case series pre-post design | Phonological treatment: phonological auditory tasks Duration: 42 sessions (15-20 min, 42 days) | None | Oral naming: - Naming of untrained nouns from French version of the BDAE (whole words) Generalization measures: - Written and oral comprehension tasks from BDAE - Repetition task from BDAE - Reading task from BDAE | Oral naming results: No improvement in naming for untrained items Generalization: - Written comprehension task in one patient - Repetition task in two patients - Reading task in two patients |
 Newhart et al., 2009 [91] | 1 l/phvPPA 1 svPPA | l/phvPPA: 65 svPPA: 60 | Case series pre-post design | Phonological treatment: cueing hierarchy Duration: 24-29 sessions (30-60 min, 9 weeks) | None | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns (whole words) Written naming: - Written naming of untrained nouns (letter accuracy) Generalization measures: - Repetition task - Spelling to dictation task - Oral reading task - Written word picture verification task | Results in l/phvPPA: Oral naming results: - Improvement in naming for trained items - Improvement in naming for untrained items (in trained categories and in untrained categories) Written naming results: - No improvement in written naming for untrained items Generalization: None Results in svPPA: Oral naming results: -Improvement in naming for trained items - No improvement in naming for untrained items (less decline for trained than untrained categories) Written naming results: - No improvement in written naming for untrained items Generalization: None |
 Tsapkini and Hillis, 2013 [89] | 1 l/phvPPA 1 post-stroke aphasia | l/phvPPA: 62 Post-stroke aphasia: 62 | Single-case pre-post design | Spelling intervention Phonemic-to-graphemic conversion treatment Duration for l/phvPPA patient: 11 sessions (60−120 min, 11 weeks) Duration for post-stroke aphasia patient: 25 sessions (60−120 min,11 weeks) | None | Written naming: - Trained phoneme-grapheme and phoneme-word correspondences (letter accuracy) - Untrained phoneme-grapheme and phoneme-word correspondences (letter accuracy) Generalization measure: - Pointing to named letters task | Written naming results in l/phvPPA: - Improvement in trained phoneme-grapheme and phoneme-word correspondences - No improvement in untrained phoneme-grapheme and phoneme-word correspondences Generalization: Pointing to named letters task |
 Meyer et al., 2015 [70] | 1 l/phvPPA (bilingual) | 69 | Case series pre-post design, treatment as within-subjects factor | Phonological vs. orthographic treatment plus homework Duration: 19 sessions (48 weeks) plus 132 sessions of home practice | 32, 48, 80, 144 | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns in English and Norwegian (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns in English and Norwegian (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns from BNT in English and Norwegian (whole words) Written naming: - Written naming of trained nouns in English and Norwegian (letter accuracy) - Written naming of untrained nouns in English and Norwegian (letter accuracy) Generalization measure: - naming to definition (administered only at 48, 80, 144-week follow-up) | Oral naming results: - Improvement in naming for trained items after both types of treatment for English language - Improvement in naming for untrained items after both types of treatment for English language (greater effect of phonological treatment) - Improvement in naming for trained items after both types of treatment for Norwegian language (greater effect of orthographic treatment) - Improvement in naming for untrained items after both types of treatment for Norwegian language (greater effect of orthographic treatment) - No improvement in naming for untrained items from BNT Written naming results: - Improvement in written naming for trained items after both types of treatment for English language (greater effect for orthographic condition) - Improvement in written naming for untrained items after both types of treatment for English language (greater effect for orthographic condition) - Improvement in written naming for trained items after both types of treatment for Norwegian language - Improvement in written naming for untrained items after both types of treatment for Norwegian language Generalization: - Naming to definition of trained items after both types of treatment in English language - Naming to definition of untrained items after both types of treatment in English language - Naming to definition of trained items after both types of treatment in Norwegian language (greater effect for orthographic condition) - Naming to definition of untrained items after both types of treatment in Norwegian language (greater effect for orthographic condition) Gains not maintained at follow-ups. |
 Meyer et al., 2016 [69] | 5 nf/avPPA (1 telerehabilitation; 4 FTF) 4 svPPA (1 telerehabilitation; 3 FTF) 8 l/phvPPA (1 telerehabilitation; 7 FTF) | nf/avPPA: - Tele: 48 - FTF: 67.8 (8.0) svPPA: - Tele: 68 - FTF: 63.7 (5.2) l/phvPPA: - Tele: 69 - FTF: 71.4 (7.1) | Case series pre-post design, treatment as within-subjects factor | Phonological vs. orthographic treatment: Telerehabilitation vs. FTF Duration: 68 sessions (24 weeks) | None | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns (whole words) Written naming: - Written Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Written Naming of untrained nouns (whole words) Generalization measure: - Naming during scene description | Results in nf/avPPA Oral naming: - Improvement in naming for trained items (no differences between Phonological and Orthographic treatment and grater effects for Telerehabilitation participant) - No improvement in naming for untrained items Written naming results: - No improvement in written naming for trained items - No improvement in written naming for untrained items Generalization: - Naming during scene description after phonological treatment Results in svPPA Oral naming: - Improvement in naming for trained items only after phonological treatment (no differences between Telerehabilitation and FTF participants) - Improvement (marginally) in naming for untrained items only after Phonological treatment (no differences between Telerehabilitation and FTF participants) Written naming results: - No improvement in written naming for trained items - No improvement in written naming for untrained items Generalization: None Results in l/phvPPA Oral naming: - Improvement in naming for trained items (no differences between Phonological and Orthographic treatment) - Improvement (marginally) in naming for untrained items (no differences between Phonological and Orthographic treatment. Written naming results: - Improvement in written naming for trained items (greater effect after Orthographic treatment) - No improvement in written naming for untrained items Generalization: None |
 Meyer et al., 2017 [90] | 7 nf/avPPA 5 svPPA 9 l/phvPPA | nf/avPPA: 68 (12.2) svPPA: 65.6 (5.3) l/phvPPA: 69.1 (2.3) | Case series pre-post design, treatment as a within-subject factor | Phonological vs. orthographic treatment plus homework Duration: 8 sessions (4 weeks) plus 60 sessions of home practice (20 weeks) | None | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns (whole words) Other measure: - Correlations between baseline brain volume and post-treatment naming accuracy | Oral naming results: -Improvement in naming for trained items after both types of treatment - Improvement in naming for untrained items after both types of treatment Other results: - Lower volume in left temporal pole is associated with decline for untrained items, while lower volume in the left inferior temporal gyrus is associated with lack of improvement for untrained items |
 Meyer et al., 2018a [71] | 5 svPPA 9 l/phvPPA | svPPA: 65.6 (4.7) l/phvPPA: 71.1 (6.3) | Case series pre-post design, treatment as a within-subject factor | Phonological vs. orthographic treatment plus homework Duration: 13 sessions (45 min, 4 weeks) plus 60 sessions of home practice (10-15 min, 20 weeks) | None | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns (whole words) Written naming: - Written naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Written naming of untrained nouns (whole words) Generalization measure: - scene description task | Results in svPPA Oral naming: - Improvement in naming for trained items after both types of treatment - Improvement in naming for untrained items after both types of treatment Written naming results: -Improvement in written naming for trained items after both types of treatment (greater effect for Orthographic treatment) - No improvement in written naming for untrained items Generalization: - Scene description task after both types of treatment Results in l/phvPPA Oral naming: - Improvement in naming for trained items after both types of treatment - Improvement in naming for untrained items after both types of treatment Written naming results: - Improvement in written naming for trained items after both types of treatment (greater effect for Orthographic treatment) - No improvement in written naming for untrained items Generalization: None |
 Meyer et al., 2018b [72] | 9 nf/avPPA 5 svPPA 12 l/phvPPA | nf/avPPA: 68.1 (9.9) svPPA: 65.6 (4.7) l/phvPPA: 69.2 (7.8) | Case series pre-post design, treatment as a within-subject factor | Phonological vs. orthographic treatment plus homework Duration: 13 sessions (45 min, 4 weeks) plus 55 sessions of home pratice (10-15 min, 20 weeks) | 32 and 60 | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns (whole words) Written naming: - Written naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Written naming of untrained nouns (whole words) Generalization measure: - scene description task | Results in nf/avPPA Oral naming: - Improvement in naming for trained items after both types of treatment (greater effect for Orthographic treatment) - Improvement in naming for untrained items after both types of treatment Written naming results: - Improvement in written naming for trained items after both types of treatment - No improvement in written naming for untrained items Generalization: - Scene description after both types of treatment (greater effect for Orthographic treatment) Gains not maintained at follow ups. Results in svPPA Oral naming: - Improvement in naming for trained items after both types of treatment (greater effect for Orthographic treatment) - Improvement in naming for untrained items after both types of treatment (greater effect for Orthographic treatment) Written naming results: - Improvement in written naming for trained items after both types of treatment - No improvement in written naming for untrained items Generalization: - Scene description task after both types of treatment (greater effect for Orthographic treatment) Gains maintained at follow ups: - Improvement in oral naming for trained items - Improvement in oral naming for untrained items - Improvement in written naming for trained items - Generalization scene description task Results in l/phvPPA Oral naming: -Improvement in naming for trained items only after orthographic treatment - Improvement in naming for untrained items only after phonological treatment Written naming results: - No improvement in written naming for trained items - No improvement in written naming for untrained items Generalization: None Gains not maintained at follow-ups. |
Semantic treatment | |||||||
 Snowden and Neary, 2002 [108] | 2 svPPA | svPPA: 60.5 (3.5) | Case series pre-post design | Experiment 1: Relearning of names Duration: 6 sessions Experiment 2: Relearning of names with descriptive information Duration: 21 sessions (20 min, 3 weeks) | Experiment 1: 16 Experiment 2: 24 | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) Generalization measure (only in Experiment 2): - Picture definition task | Experiment 1 Oral naming results: - Improvement in naming for trained items - Gains not maintained at follow-up. Experiment 2 Oral naming results: - Improvement in naming for trained items Generalization: - Picture definition task Gains maintained at follow-up: - Improvement in naming for trained items - Improvement in picture definition task |
 Jokel et al., 2006 [105] | 1 svPPA | 63 | Single-case pre-post design | Relearning of names Duration: 18 sessions (30 min, 3 weeks) | 4 and 24 | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns (whole words) | Oral naming results: -Improvement in naming for trained items -Little improvement in naming for untrained items Gains maintained at 4-week follow-up: - Improvement in naming for trained items Gains not maintained at 24-week follow-up. |
 Henry et al., 2008 [56] | 2 svPPA 1 Post-stroke aphasia | svPPA: 74.5 (3.5) Post-stroke aphasia: 79 | Case series pre-post multiple baseline design | Semantic treatment plus homework Duration: 12 sessions (90 min, 3 weeks) plus daily homework | 16 (for 1 svPPA and post-stroke patients) | Oral naming: - Naming of untrained nouns from BNT (whole words) Generalization measure: - Generative naming task (verbal fluency) of trained categories - Generative naming task (verbal fluency) of untrained categories | Oral naming results in svPPA: - No improvement in naming for untrained items from BNT Generalization: - Generative naming task (verbal fluency) for the trained and untrained categories Gains maintained at follow-up: - Improvement on the generative naming task for the trained categories only for a svPPA patient. |
 Bier et al., 2009 [93] | 1 svPPA | 70 | Single-case pre-post, treatment as within-subject factor, multiple baseline desgin | Semantic treatment with spaced retrieval vs. with simple repetition Duration: 6 sessions (3 weeks) | 1, 2 and 5 | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns (whole words) Generalization measures: - Generation of verbal attributes from spoken words for trained nouns - Generation of verbal attributes from spoken words for untrained nouns - Letter fluency task | Oral naming results: - Improvement in naming for trained items after both types of treatment - No improvement in naming for untrained items after both types of treatment Generalization: - Generation of specific verbal attributes for the trained items Gains maintained at follow-ups: - Improvement in naming for trained items |
 Heredia et al., 2009 [95] | 1 svPPA | 53 | Single-case pre-post design | Relearning of names Duration: 30 sessions (4 weeks) | 4 and 24 | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns (alternative exemplars of trained nouns) (whole words) | Oral naming results: - Improvement in naming for trained items - No improvement in naming for untrained items - Improvement in naming for untrained nouns (alternative exemplars of trained items) Gains maintained at follow-ups: - Improvement in naming for trained items - Improvement in naming for untrained nouns (alternative exemplars of trained items) |
 Robinson et al., 2009 [107] | 2 svPPA | 63 (0.0) | Case series pre-post design | Errorless learning approach Duration: 4-6 sessions (2-3 weeks) | 4 | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns (whole words) Generalization measures: - Definition of trained nouns task - Definition of untrained nouns task - Object use of trained nouns task - Object use of untrained nouns task | Oral naming results: - Improvement in naming for trained items only for a subject - No improvement in naming for untrained items for both subjects Generalization: - Definition of trained items for both subjects - Definition of untrained items for a subject - Object use of trained items for a subject Gains maintained at follow-up: - Improvement in naming for trained items only for a subject - Improvement in definition of trained items for a subject - Improvement in definition of untrained items for a subject - Improvement in object use of trained items for a subject |
 Marcotte and Ansaldo, 2010 [99] | 1 nf/avPPA 1 Post-stroke aphasia | nf/avPPA: 65 Post-stroke aphasia: 66 | Single-case pre-post design | SFA therapy Duration: Nine sessions (60 min, 3 weeks) | None | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns and verbs (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns and verbs (whole words) Other measure: Event-related-fMRI measures | Oral naming results in nf/avPPA: -Improvement in naming for trained items - No improvement in naming for untrained items Other results: Network expansion, mostly recruiting semantic processing areas and a gradual bilateralization of naming networks, after treatment |
 Jokel et al., 2010 [104] | 1 svPPA | NA | Single-case pre-post design | Errorless learning approach Duration: 12 sessions (60 min, 4 weeks) | 4 and 12 | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns from BNT (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns from PNT (whole words) Generalization measures: - Sentence production task - Semantic fluency task | Oral naming results: - Improvement in naming for trained items - Improvement in naming for untrained items - No improvement in naming for untrained items from BNT - Improvement in naming for untrained items from PNT Generalization: Semantic fluency Gains maintained at follow-ups: - Improvement in naming for trained items |
 Senaha et al., 2010 [103] | 3 svPPA | svPPA: 62.7 (10.1) | Case series pre-post design | Relearning of names based on errorless learning approach Duration: 48-144 sessions (24-72 weeks) | None | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns from BNT (whole words) | Oral naming results: - Improvement in naming for trained items - No improvement in naming for untrained items from BNT |
 Beeson et al., 2011 [61] | 1 l/phvPPA | 77 | Single-case pre-post, multiple baseline design | Semantic treatment plus homework Duration: 12 sessions (120 min, 2 weeks) plus daily homework (60 min) | 3, 16 and 24 | Oral naming: - Naming of untrained nouns from BNT and PNT (whole words) Generalization measures: - Generative naming task (verbal fluency) of trained categories - Generative naming task (verbal fluency) of untrained categories discourse production measure | Oral naming results: Improvement in naming for untrained items from BNT and PNT Generalization: - Generative naming task (verbal fluency) for the trained and untrained categories - Discourse production measures (speaking rate and number of correct information units) Gains maintained at follow-ups: - Improvement on the generative naming task for the trained categories - Improvement in naming for untrained items from BNT and PNT - Improvement on discourse production measures (speaking rate and number of correct information units) |
 Mayberry et al., 2011 [100] | 2 svPPA | 59 (6.0) | Case series pre-post design | Relearning of names at home administered by clinician over the phone Duration: 21 session (3 weeks) | 4 | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns from BNT (whole words) | Oral naming results: Improvement in naming for trained items in both subjects -Improvement in naming for untrained items only for a patient Gains maintained at follow-up: - Improvement in naming for trained items in both subjects - Improvement in naming for untrained items only for a patient |
 Jokel and Anderson, 2012 [97] | 7 svPPA | 68.3 (10.0) | Case series pre-post design, treatment as a within-subject factor | Relearning of names based on errorless vs. errorful learning and passive vs. active cues Duration: 12 sessions (60 min, 4 weeks) | 4 and 12 | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns from PNT (whole words) Generalization measures: - Oral sentence production test - Semantic fluency task - Semantic knowledge tasks (PPTT and K&D) - Written word–picture matching task - Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test | Oral naming results: - Improvement in naming for trained items (grater effects for errorless learning) - Improvement in naming for untrained items (grater effects for errorless learning) Generalization: - Semantic fluency task Gains maintained at follow-ups: - Improvement in naming for trained items - Improvement in naming for untrained items |
 Savage et al., 2013 [101] | 4 svPPA | 62.3 (5.5) | Single-subject design, using a multiple-baseline-across-behaviours | Relearning of names Duration: 30-60 min/day over 6 weeks | From 4 to 8 | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns (whole words) | Oral naming results: - Improvement in naming for trained items (Indipendently from the duration of training, 3 or 6 weeks) - No improvement in naming for untrained items Gains maintained at follow-ups: - Improvement in naming for trained items |
 Savage et al., 2014 [102] | 5 svPPA | 61.8 (5.6) | Case series pre-post design | Relearning of names Duration: 40 sessions (30 min, 8 weeks) | None | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns (whole words) Generalization measures: - Video description task - Word comprehension tasks (household requests task and word picture matching task) | Oral naming results: - Improvement in naming for trained items - No improvement in naming for untrained items Generalization: - Video description task only for trained items in four patients - Word comprehension tasks (household requests task and word picture matching) only for trained items in two patients |
 Hoffman et al., 2015 [96] | 3 svPPA | svPPA: 64,3 (0.5) | Case series pre-post design, treatment as within-subjects factor | Relearning of names Study 1: Manipulation of order of items during relearning (fixed order vs. variable order items) Duration: 15 sessions (20 min, 3 weeks) Study 2: Generalization of word learning to novel exemplars (administered over the telephone) Duration: 5 sessions (one week) | 4, 16 and 28 | Study 1 Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns (whole words) Generalization measure: - Word-picture matching task Study 2 Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns (whole words) Generalization measures: - Novel exemplars of the trained item - Semantically and visually similar exemplar of the trained item | Study 1 Oral naming results: - Improvement in naming for trained items in two patients (more successful naming for items that were trained in a variety of different orders) - No improvement in naming for untrained items Generalization: - Word-picture matching task of trained items for two patients Gains maintained at follow-ups: - Improvement in naming of trained items for two patients Study 2 Oral naming results: - Improvement in naming for trained items in two patients (no differences between ME and SE conditions) - No improvement in naming for untrained items Generalization: - Novel exemplars of the trained item Gains maintained at follow-ups: - Improvement in naming for trained items for only a subject |
 Suárez-González et al., 2015 [73] | 1 svPPA | 57 | Single-case pre-post design, treatment as a within-subject factor | Naming treatment vs. Semantic treatment COEN Duration: 60 sessions (30 min,12 weeks) for each therapy | None | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns (whole words) Generalization measures: - Naming a visually dissimilar example task - Description-to-naming task - Naming-to-description task | Oral naming results: -Improvement in naming for trained items after both types of treatment - No improvement in naming for untrained items after both types of treatment Generalization: - Naming a visually dissimilar example task for trained items only after COEN therapy - Description-to-naming task for trained items only after COEN therapy - Naming-to-description task for trained items only after COEN therapy |
 Evans et al., 2016 [94] | 1 svPPA | 72 | Single-case pre-post design | Relearning of names plus homework Duration: 24 sessions (60 min, 80 weeks) plus 240-320 sessions of homework (30 min, 80 weeks) | None | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns from BNT (whole words) Generalization measure: - WAB - CSB: word-picture matching - Verbal fluency (letter and semantic) | Oral naming results: -Improvement in naming for trained items - Improvement in naming for untrained items from BNT Generalization: - Verbal semantic fluency |
 Jokel et al., 2016 [67] | 4 svPPA | 61.3 (7.8) | Pre-post design, treatment as within subjects factor | Semantic treatment: Relearning of names based on errorless learning approach vs. Phonological treatment: Relearning of names based on errorless learning approach Duration: 20 sessions (60 min, 10 weeks) | None | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns from BNT (whole words) Generalization measures: - oral sentence production test - semantic knowledge task (PPTT- written word); - semantic and phonemic fluency - PPVT | Oral naming results: - Improvement in naming for trained items after both types of treatment (grater effects for semantic treatment) - Improvement in naming for untrained items after both types of treatment in three patients - Improvement in naming for untrained items from BNT Generalization: - Oral sentence production test in two patients - Semantic knowledge (PPTT) in three patients - Semantic and phonemic fluency in two patients - Semantic fluency only in a patient - PPVT in three patients |
 Krajenbrink et al., 2018 [68] | 1 svPPA | 60 | Single-case pre-post design | Lexical retrieval therapy RRIPP vs. Semantic treatment COEN Duration: 19 sessions (10 min, 4 weeks) vs. 10 sessions (10 min, 2 weeks) | None | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns (whole words) Written naming: - Written naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Written naming of untrained nouns (whole words) Generalization measures: - Structured interview - Picture-word verification task | Oral naming results: - Improvement in naming for trained items only after RRIPP - No improvement in naming for untrained items after both types of treatment Written naming results: - Improvement in written naming for trained items only after RRIPP - No improvement in written naming for untrained items after both types of treatment Generalization: - Picture-word verification task only after RRIPP |
 Suárez-González et al., 2018 [74] | 1 svPPA | 62 | Single-case pre-post design, treatment as within-subjects factor | Naming treatment vs. Semantic treatment COEN Duration: 7 sessions (60 min, one week) | 3 and 6 | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns (whole words) Generalisation measures: - Naming visually dissimilar pictures task - Description to naming task - Naming to description task | Oral naming results: - Improvement in naming for trained items after both types of treatment - No improvement in naming for untrained items after both types of treatment Generalization: - Naming visually dissimilar pictures after both types of treatment - Description to naming task only after COEN therapy - Naming to description task only after COEN therapy Gains maintained at 3-week follow-up: - Improvement in naming of trained items in both types of treatment Gains maintained at 6-week follow-up: - Improvement in naming of trained items only after COEN therapy |
 Lavoie et al., 2019 [98] | 2 svPPA 3 l/phvPPA | svPPA: 70.5 (4.5) l/phvPPA: 73.3 (4.8) | Case series pre-post, multiple baseline design | Self-administered using a smart tablet Duration: 16 sessions (4 weeks) | 2, 4 and 8 | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns (whole words) Generalization measure: - Ecological conversation task | Oral naming results: - Improvement in naming for trained items in all patients - Improvement in naming for untrained items in only one l/phvPPA patient Generalization: - Ecological conversation task for three patients Gains maintained at follow-ups: - Improvement in naming for trained items in four participants (2 svPPA and 2 l/phvPPA) |
 Flurie et al., 2020 [109] | 7 svPPA 2 l/phvPPA | svPPA: 63.4 (2.6) l/phvPPA: 67 (2.0) | Case series pre-post, multiple baseline design | SFA therapy at home administered by caregiver (3 sessions/week) and clinician (1 session/3 weeks) Duration: 288 sessions (96 weeks) | None | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns (whole words) | Oral naming results: - Maintenance in naming for trained items - No maintenance in naming for untrained items |
 Montagut et al., 2020 [106] | 8 svPPA | 64 (10.5) | Case series pre-post design | Errorless learning approach Duration: 16 sessions (45 min, 8 weeks) | 4, 12 and 24 | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns (whole words) Generalization measure: - Comprehension of trained nouns (whole words) - Comprehension of untrained nouns (whole words) | Oral naming results: - Improvement in naming for trained items - No improvement in naming for untrained items Gains maintained at 12-week follow-up: - Improvement in naming for trained items Generalization: None |
Multimodality approach treatment | |||||||
 Farrajota et al., 2012 [116] | 20 PPA | Treatment group: 68 (7.8) Control group: 66.2 (7.7) | Controlled study (10 PPA in treatment group, 10 PPA in control group) | SLT plus homework Duration: 44 sessions (60 min, 44 weeks) plus homework | None | Oral naming: - Naming of untrained nouns form Snodgrass and Vanderwart test (whole words) | Oral naming results: - Improvement in naming for untrained items after treatment (less decline than control group) |
 Rogalski et al., 2016 [118] | 31 PPA | 67.2 (6.9) | Case series pre-post design | SLT plus homework Duration: 8 sessions (60 min) plus homework | 24 | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns from BNT (whole words) Generalization measures: - ASHA-FCM - CCRSA | Oral naming results: - Improvement in naming for trained items - No improvement in naming for untrained items from BNT Generalization to: - ASHA-FCM - CCCRSA Gains maintained at follow up: - Improvement in naming for trained items of ASHA-FCM - Improvement on CCRSA |
 Cadório et al., 2019 [115] | 1 nf/avPPA 1 PPA | nf/avPPA: 60 PPA: 52 | Case series pre-post, multiple baseline design | LRT and compensatory approach plus homework Duration: 244 sessions (60 min, 20 weeks) plus 60-80 sessions of homework (20 min, 3-4 weeks) | 4 | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns from Portuguese version of the Snodgrass and Vanderwart (whole words) Generalization measure: - Quality of life measure (SAQOL-39) | Oral naming results in nf/avPPA: - Improvement in naming for trained items - No improvement in naming for untrained items Gains maintained at follow-up: Improvement in naming for trained items Oral naming results in PPA: - No improvement in naming for trained items - Improvement in naming for untrained items - No Improvement in naming for untrained items from Portuguese version of the Snodgrass and Vanderwart Gains maintained at follow-up: Improvement in naming for untrained items Generalization: SAQOL-39 scale suggested that participants experienced a relatively steady quality of life after compensatory intervention. |
 Rebstock and Wallace, 2020 [117] | 1 PPA | 81 | Single-case pre-post desing | SFA and multimodal comunication program Duration: 4 sessions (120 min, 7 weeks) | None | Oral naming: - Naming of trained nouns (whole words) - Naming of untrained nouns (whole words) Generalization measures: - Switching between communication modalities (communicative flexibility score and referential communucation task) - Communicative effectiveness (Listening task) | Oral naming results: - No improvement in naming for trained items - No improvement in naming for untrained items Generalization: - Switching between communication modalities (communicative flexibility score and referential communucation task) for trained items - Switching between communication modalities (communicative flexibility score and referential communucation task) for untrained items - Communicative effectiveness (Listening task) |