The relationships of vitamin D, vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms, and vitamin D supplementation with Parkinson’s disease

Table 1 Effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ exposure on gene expression in PD

Gene name	Gene location	Involvement in brain function	Expression change
C-Ret [115]	10q11.2	Neuroprotective effects and antioxidation	Up
GDNF [115]	5p13	Neuroprotective effects and antioxidation; dopaminergic neurotransmission	Up
Nurr1 [116, 117]	2q22–23	DA neuronal differentiation and maturation	Up
p57kip2 [116, 117]	11p15.5	DA neuronal differentiation and maturation	Up
SLC30A10 [118]	2q32.3	Maintenance of homeostasis of calcium, zinc, iron and manganese	Up
SLC39A2 [118]	14q11.2	Maintenance of homeostasis of calcium, zinc, iron and manganese	Down
TH [119]	11p15	Dopaminergic neurotransmission	Up

C-Ret proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase receptor Ret, GDNF glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor, TH tyrosine hydroxylase

ISSN: 2047-9158