Fig. 2
1,25(OH)2D3 exerts neuroprotective effects via GDNF. CAT, catalase; C-Ret, proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase receptor Ret; DA, dopaminergic; GFR α1, GDNF family receptor alpha 1; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; MAPK pathway, p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway; PLC-γ pathway, phospholipase Cγ pathway; PI3K pathway, phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway; ROS, reactive oxygen species; RXR, retinoid X receptor; SOD, superoxide dismutase; VDR, vitamin D receptor; VDREs, vitamin D response elements. The arrows indicate signaling components that are either enhanced (red arrows) or reduced (green arrows)