Table 2 Association between baseline characteristics and risk of EMO
Baseline variables | Univariate logistic regression model | Age- and sex-adjusted logistic regression model | Multiple stepwise logistic regression model | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds ratio (95%CI) | P value | Odds ratio (95%CI) | P value | Odds ratio (95%CI) | P value | |
Age group | ||||||
< 55 years | 1.00 (reference) | ⎼ | 1.00 (reference) | |||
55–64 years | 1.35 (0.92–2.00) | 0.132 | ⎼ | ⎼ | 1.28 (0.78–2.11) | 0.323 |
65–74 years | 1.48 (1.00–2.19) | 0.050 | ⎼ | ⎼ | 1.79 (1.09–2.96) | 0.023 |
> =75 years | 1.28 (0.80–2.06) | 0.301 | ⎼ | ⎼ | 1.14 (0.62–2.12) | 0.668 |
Sex | ||||||
Male | 1.00 (reference) | ⎼ | ⎼ | |||
Female | 0.94 (0.73–1.21) | 0.634 | ⎼ | ⎼ | ⎼ | ⎼ |
BMI groups | ||||||
Normal | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ⎼ | ⎼ | ||
Overweight or obese | 0.86 (0.66–1.11) | 0.251 | 0.85 (0.65–1.11) | 0.228 | ⎼ | ⎼ |
Education level | ||||||
Primary school or lower | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ⎼ | |||
Middle or high school | 1.10 (0.80–1.50) | 0.570 | 1.09 (0.79–1.50) | 0.610 | ⎼ | ⎼ |
University or higher | 1.03 (0.69–1.53) | 0.880 | 1.04 (0.69–1.56) | 0.860 | ⎼ | ⎼ |
Occupation | ||||||
Unemployed | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ⎼ | |||
Worker or farmer | 0.70 (0.43–1.12) | 0.136 | 0.66 (0.41–1.07) | 0.096 | ⎼ | ⎼ |
Professional technician or others | 0.85 (0.53–1.36) | 0.508 | 0.82 (0.51–1.31) | 0.399 | ⎼ | ⎼ |
Family history of PD | ||||||
No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ⎼ | ⎼ | ||
Yes | 0.99 (0.64–1.54) | 0.964 | 1.03 (0.66–1.60) | 0.908 | ⎼ | ⎼ |
Overall nighttime sleep | ||||||
Good | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |||
General | 2.17 (1.59–2.97) | < 0.001 | 2.20 (1.61–3.01) | < 0.001 | 2.08 (1.41–3.07) | < 0.001 |
Poor | 3.30 (2.36–4.64) | < 0.001 | 3.34 (2.38–4.71) | < 0.001 | 3.29 (2.14–5.08) | < 0.001 |
Nocturnal arousals | ||||||
None | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ⎼ | |||
1–5 times | 1.72 (1.08–2.77) | 0.024 | 1.65 (1.04–2.68) | 0.038 | ⎼ | ⎼ |
> 5 times | 3.17 (1.63–6.27) | 0.001 | 2.98 (1.53–5.95) | 0.002 | ⎼ | ⎼ |
PD duration | 1.10 (1.06–1.13) | < 0.001 | 1.10 (1.06–1.14) | < 0.001 | 1.06 (1.02–1.11) | 0.006 |
H&Y group | ||||||
Mild (stage of 1–2) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |||
Moderate (stage of 2.5–3) | 2.75 (2.09–3.64) | < 0.001 | 2.76 (2.09–3.66) | < 0.001 | 1.78 (1.24–2.57) | 0.002 |
Severe (stage of 4–5) | 3.43 (1.58–8.06) | 0.003 | 3.57 (1.62–8.48) | 0.002 | 1.29 (0.48–3.64) | 0.617 |
Symmetry of symptoms | ||||||
No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ⎼ | |||
Yes | 0.69 (0.41–1.17) | 0.174 | 0.68 (0.40–1.15) | 0.158 | ⎼ | ⎼ |
Clinical type | ||||||
TD | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |||
PIGD | 1.62 (1.18–2.21) | 0.003 | 1.66 (1.22–2.28) | 0.002 | 1.72 (1.16–2.55) | 0.007 |
Mixed | 2.02 (1.45–2.80) | < 0.001 | 2.05 (1.47–2.86) | < 0.001 | 1.78 (1.17–2.71) | 0.007 |
Medication use | ||||||
Levodopa monotherapy | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ⎼ | |||
Levodopa + DA | 1.41 (0.96–2.09) | 0.085 | 1.40 (0.95–2.08) | 0.090 | ⎼ | ⎼ |
Others | 1.48 (0.98–2.25) | 0.064 | 1.53 (1.01–2.34) | 0.046 | ⎼ | ⎼ |
LEDD, mg/100 | 1.17 (1.11–1.24) | < 0.001 | 1.17 (1.11–1.25) | < 0.001 | 1.08 (1.01–1.16) | 0.028 |