Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study participants.
Baseline variables | Overall (n = 942) | EMO patients (n = 463) | Non-EMO patients (n = 479) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, y | 64.0 ± 9.3 | 64.4 ± 8.8 | 63.5 ± 9.7 | 0.142 |
Age group | ||||
< 55 years | 149 (15.8) | 63 (13.6) | 86 (18.0) | 0.269 |
55–64 years | 334 (35.5) | 166 (35.9) | 168 (35.1) | |
65–74 years | 329 (34.9) | 171 (36.9) | 158 (33.0) | |
> =75 years | 130 (13.8) | 63 (13.6) | 67 (14.0) | |
Sex | ||||
Male | 489 (51.9) | 244 (52.7) | 245 (51.1) | 0.681 |
Female | 453 (48.1) | 219 (47.3) | 234 (48.9) | |
BMI groups | ||||
Normal | 550 (59.1) | 278 (61.0) | 272 (57.3) | 0.279 |
Overweight or obese | 381 (40.9) | 178 (39.0) | 203 (42.7) | |
Education level | ||||
Primary school or lower | 223 (24.3) | 106 (23.6) | 117 (24.9) | 0.834 |
Middle or high school | 520 (56.6) | 259 (57.6) | 261 (55.7) | |
University or higher | 176 (19.2) | 85 (18.9) | 91 (19.4) | |
Occupation | ||||
Unemployed | 84 (9.1) | 46 (10.2) | 38 (8.1) | 0.192 |
Worker or farmer | 363 (39.4) | 166 (36.6) | 197 (42.1) | |
Professional technician or others | 474 (51.5) | 241 (53.2) | 233 (49.8) | |
Family history of PD | ||||
No | 847 (90.6) | 416 (90.6) | 431 (90.5) | 1.000 |
Yes | 88 (9.4) | 43 (9.4) | 45 (9.5) | |
Overall nighttime sleep | ||||
Good | 331 (35.4) | 113 (24.6) | 218 (45.8) | < 0.001 |
General | 342 (36.5) | 181 (39.3) | 161 (33.8) | |
Poor | 263 (28.1) | 166 (36.1) | 97 (20.4) | |
Nocturnal arousals | ||||
None | 83 (8.9) | 30 (6.5) | 53 (11.2) | 0.003 |
1–5 times | 785 (84.0) | 387 (84.1) | 398 (83.8) | |
> 5 times | 67 (7.2) | 43 (9.3) | 24 (5.1) | |
Age of PD onset, y | 58.3 ± 9.9 | 57.9 ± 9.3 | 58.6 ± 10.5 | 0.302 |
PD duration | 5.7 ± 4.3 | 6.5 ± 4.4 | 5.0 ± 3.9 | < 0.001 |
H&Y stages | 2.1 ± 0.7 | 2.3 ± 0.7 | 2.0 ± 0.7 | < 0.001 |
H&Y group | ||||
Mild (stage of 1–2) | 560 (60.2) | 220 (47.9) | 340 (72.0) | < 0.001 |
Moderate (stage of 2.5–3) | 342 (36.7) | 219 (47.7) | 123 (26.1) | |
Severe (stage of 4–5) | 29 (3.1) | 20 (4.4) | 9 (1.9) | |
Symmetry of symptoms | ||||
No | 854 (93.2) | 421 (94.4) | 433 (92.1) | 0.217 |
Yes | 62 (6.8) | 25 (5.6) | 37 (7.9) | |
Clinical type | ||||
TD | 404 (44.7) | 166 (37.5) | 238 (51.7) | < 0.001 |
PIGD | 268 (29.7) | 142 (32.1) | 126 (27.4) | |
Mixed | 231 (25.6) | 135 (30.5) | 96 (20.9) | |
Medication use | ||||
Levodopa monotherapy | 143 (18.7) | 59 (15.9) | 84 (21.4) | 0.146 |
Levodopa + DA | 374 (49.0) | 186 (50.1) | 188 (47.8) | |
Others | 247 (32.3) | 126 (34.0) | 121 (30.8) | |
LEDD, mg | 504.4 ± 257.9 | 556.0 ± 269.4 | 455.6 ± 236.7 | < 0.001 |
SES score, % | 83.7 ± 13.9 | 79.3 ± 15.5 | 87.8 ± 10.6 | < 0.001 |
SES group | ||||
Independent | 703 (85.1) | 312 (77.4) | 391 (92.4) | < 0.001 |
Dependent | 123 (14.9) | 91 (22.6) | 32 (7.6) | |