Fig. 2
From: Nucleo–cytoplasmic transport defects and protein aggregates in neurodegeneration
Representation of the NPC structure highlighting the import–export function of proteins and transcripts. a Cargo binds importins to be shuttled to the nucleus. b Nuclear RanGTP induces dissociation of the importin–cargo complex. c The importins bound to RanGTP are recycled to the cytoplasm. d RanGAP1 hydrolyzes RanGTP, maintaining the RanGDP/GTP gradient across the nuclear membrane. e RanGDP is imported into the nucleus through NTF2 and converted to RanGTP by RCC1. f RNAs are shuttled to the cytoplasm, binding their specific exportins. g mRNAs only may undergo an alternative NPC transport interacting with the NFX1–TREX complex. GLE1, Nup214, and DDX19 act as NFX1 modifiers to release mRNAs into the cytoplasm