Fig. 5
Astrocyte-derived mitochondria released into the medium were functional and neuroprotective. a-b iPSCs derived astrocytes were labeled with Mito-Tracker Green. Representative flow cytometry data plots (gating optimized for mitochondrial size adjustments) show the presence of astrocytic mitochondria in the media (ACM 34.1%) (a), while filtration through 0.22 μm filters depleted mitochondria in the ACM (dmACM 5.0%) (b). c-d The depletion in mitochondria in dmACM was indicated by a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential (JC1 ratio) and a real-time O2 consumption rate (OCR). e-f The intraneuronal ATP levels and cellular viabilities increased significantly when the DA neurons were cultured with control ACM after the treatment of rotenone. g Similar changes were observed by the OCR analysis. h-j The intraneuronal ATP levels and reduced cellular viabilities could not reverse in dmACM, as well as the real-time OCR records. N = 3, results were presented as mean + SEM. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, #P < 0.05, and ##P < 0.01