Table 1 Summary of the development and recent studies of mitochondrial transplantation
From: Current progress of mitochondrial transplantation that promotes neuronal regeneration
Disease or injury state | Source of mitochondria | Recipient | Method of delivery | Mechanism of mitochondria uptake | Outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
In vitro | ||||||
Ischemia | MMSCs | Cortical neurons & astrocytes | Co-culture | Cytosol transfer | Improved cell viability | Babenko et al., 2015 |
UV light damage | PC12 | PC12 | Co-culture | TNTs | mtDNA transfer | Wang and Gerdes, 2015 |
Ischemia/reperfusion | BM-MSCs | H9c2 | Co-culture | TNTs | Reduced apoptosis process | Han et al., 2016 |
TBI | Cortical neurons | Hippocampal neurons | Add in medium | Not discussed | Enhanced neuroregeneration | Chien et al., 2018 |
In vivo | ||||||
Acute lung injury (ALI) | mBMSCs; hBMSCs | Aveolar epithelia | Intranasal instillation | Cx43-dependent nanotubes and micro-vesicles formation | Increased alveolar [ATP] and abrogated ALI pathologies | Islam et al., 2012 |
In situ blood-perfused regional ischemia | Autologous rabbit muscle cells | Myocardial cells | Injection of mitochondria-containing respiration buffer | Actin-dependent organelle-to-cell transfer | Decreased myocyte necrosis and enhanced post-ischemic function | Masuzawa et al., 2013 |
Transient focal cerebral ischemia | Mouse cortical astrocytes | Peri-infarct cortex | Direct injection or autologous secretions | Integrin-mediated astrocyte-to-neuron mitochondrial transfer | Promoted adjacent neuronal survival and plasticity after injury transfer | Hayakawa et al., 2016 |
Parkinson’s disease | PC12; human osteosarcoma cybrids | PD rats/ brain neurons | Local injection at medial forebrain bundle | Pep-1-mediated cell-penetrating mitochondrial delivery | Improved locomotive activity and attenuated deterioration of dopaminergic neurons | Chang et al., 2016 |
Acute myocardial infarction | Autologous porcine muscle cells | Myocardial cells | Injection of mitochondria-containing respiration buffer | Not discussed | Enhanced myocardial cell viability following ischemia and reperfusion | Kaza et al., 2017 |
Parkinson’s disease | HepG2 | Multiple tissues | Intravenous injection | Not discussed | Increased ETC activity, decreased ROS formation, apoptosis and necrosis | Shi et al., 2017 |
Spinal cord injury: L1/L2 contusion | PC12; syngeneic muscle cells | Brain macrophages, endothelium, pericytes, glia | Microinjection at mediolateral grey matter | Zipper-like actin-mediated phagocytosis | Maintenance of acute mitochondrial bioenergetics, enhanced behavioral recovery | Gollihue et al., 2017 |
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | HepG2 | Multiple tissues | Intravenous injection | Not discussed | Decreased lipid content and restored cellular redox balance | Fu et al., 2017 |
Acetaminophen-induced liver injury | HepG2 | Multiple tissues | Intravenous injection | Not discussed | Increased hepatocytes energy supply, reduced oxidation stress | Shi et al., 2018 |