Cerebrospinal fluid phosphorylated tau, visinin-like protein-1, and chitinase-3-like protein 1 in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease

Table 2 Baseline levels of CSF biomarker

Characteristics	CN (n = 32)	sMCI (n = 24)	pMCI (n = 47)	AD (n = 18)
Aβ42, pg/ml [mean (SE)]	226.1 (9.3) ^{b, c, d}	178.5 (10.9)^{a, c, d}	147.5 (7.0)^{a, b}	136.1 (6.4)^{a, b}
T-tau, pg/ml [mean (SE)]	64.3 (3.7)^{c, d}	87.2 (10.8)^d	107.8 (7.2)^{a, d}	153.2 (19.1)^{a, b, c}
P-tau-181, pg/ml [mean (SE)]	22.2 (1.6)^{c, d}	28.9 (3.1)^{c, d}	39.5 (2.4)^{a, b}	45.8 (3.9)^{a, b}
VILIP-1, pg/ml [mean (SE)]	133.0 (6.7)^{c, d}	146.0 (10.6)^{c, d}	184.3 (9.4)^{a, b}	189.7 (16.6)^{a, b}
YKL-40, ng/ml [mean (SE)]	397.2 (25.7)	384.0 (28.1)	400.7 (19.4)	471.9 (39.5)

P values indicate the values assessed with analyses of variance for each variable. Post hoc analysis provided significant differences between groups: ^afrom CN; ^bfrom sMCI; ^cfrom pMCI; ^dfrom AD
Abbreviations: SE Standard error, VILIP-1 Visinin-like protein-1, YKL-40 Chitinase-3-like protein 1, CN cognitively normal, sMCI stable mild cognitive impairment, pMCI progressive mild cognitive impairment, AD Alzheimer’s disease