Fig. 4

Baseline associations between CSF P-tau, VILIP-1, and YKL-40 with other AD hallmarks. a–d The data are estimates (β-coefficients) from linear mixed-effects models with a confidence interval of 95%. These estimates are the main effects of biomarkers in the study of the baselines. Effects were significant (*), for MMSE (a): VILIP-1 in Aβ⁺ (p = 0.037); for hippocampal volume (b): YKL-40 in Aβ⁺ (p < 0.001); for ventricular volume (c): P-tau (p = 0.012), VILIP-1 (p < 0.001) in Aβ⁺ and VILIP-1 (p < 0.001) and YKL-40 (p < 0.001) in Aβ⁻ people. For WMH (d): P-tau in Aβ⁻ (p < 0.001). Biomarkers and outcomes were standardized to z-scores. Abbreviations: VILIP-1, Visinin-like protein-1; YKL-40, Chitinase-3-like protein 1; AD, Alzheimer’s disease