Table 1 Study of the various known pathological factors in AD

Amyloid-β load

[¹¹C]PIB

[¹⁸F]NAV4694

[¹⁸F]florbetapir

[¹⁸F]florbetaben

[¹⁸F]flutemetamol

Amyloid-β(1–42)

APP669–711;

Amyloid-β(1–42);

Amyloid-β(1–40);

BACE inhibitors

Amyloid-β immunotherapy

Neurofibrillary tangles load

[¹⁸F]MK6240

[¹⁸F]AV1451

[¹¹C]PBBB3

Phosphorylated tau

The association of serum phosphorylated tau with tangles is unclear

Anti-aggregation

Tau immunotherapy

Neurodegeneration

MRI

[¹⁸F]FDG

Neurofilament light chain (NFL); d neurogranin (Ng);

Visinin-like protein-1 (VILIP-1); Synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25);

Neuron-specific enolase (NSE); Heart fatty acid binding protein (HFABP)

Neurofilament light chain (NFL)

Neurotrophic factors

Vascular load

MRI

Control of risk factors

Lewy Body load

NA

α-synuclein

α-synuclein

α-synuclein immunotherapy

Neuroinflammation activity

Microglial Activation:

[¹¹C]PK11195

[¹¹C]PBR28

[¹¹C]DAA1106

[¹⁸F] DPA714

[¹¹C] DPA713

[¹⁸F]GE180

Reactive astrocytes:

[¹¹C]L-des-deprenyl

Microglial Activation:

Chitinase-3-like protein 1 (YKL-40), soluble TREM2 (sTREM2)

Cytokines:

TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β

Chemokines: monocyte chemotactic protein 1 [MCP-1]

Microglial Activation:

Chitinase-3-like protein 1 (YKL-40)

Cytokines:

TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β,

Chemokines: monocyte chemotactic protein 1 [MCP-1]

NSAIDS

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ

(PPAR-γ) activators

TNF-α inhibitor