Fig. 11From: Current understanding of the molecular mechanisms in Parkinson's disease: Targets for potential treatmentsMechanism of neuroinflammation in PD. T-lymphocytes and complementary systems can activate microglia to secrete several cytokines, which causes DA-neuronal injury. Similarly, aggregated SNCA can also activate astrocytes, which causes oxidative stress, leading to neuronal injuryBack to article page