Table 1 Summary of studies on cognitive reserve in PD
From: Mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: a distinct clinical entity?
Authors | Participants | CR measure | Outcome measure | Key findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sánchez et al. (2002)[72] | 33 PDs 46 HCs | Education, occupation, and premorbid IQ | MMSE, IQ, memory, attention, language, visuospatial ability, and EF | • PDs with higher CR > PDs with lower CR: MMSE, verbal IQ, EF, memory, language, and visuospatial ability • PDs with higher CR= HCs with low CR: all tests, except one of the EF tests |
Hindle et al. (2014)[69]a | PDs and HCs from 34 studies | Education | Global cognition, MCI, EF, attention, visuospatial ability, memory | • (+) corr between education and all the outcome measures • (-) corr between education and reduced cognitive decline • No corr between education and the onset of dementia |
Hindle et al. (2015) [73] | 57 monolingual English PDs 46 bilingual English PDs | Bilingualism | EF | • Bilingualism did not affect EF performance |
Lucero et al. (2015)[70] | 155 PDs | Education | MMSE, CDR, CDR-SB | • No corr between β-amyloid deposition and the cognition (MMSE & CDR) in high-education group • (+) corr between β-amyloid deposition and worse cognition (MMSE, CDR) in low-education group |
Hindle et al. (2016)[71] | 525 PDs | Education, SES, social engagement | Global cognition CDR | • (+) corr between education, SES, social engagement and global cognition at baseline and follow-up (+) corr between age and low social engagement and the risk of dementia |
Hindle et al. (2017) [74] | 69 non-demented PDs | Lifelong cognitive lifestyle (education, occupation, social engagement) | EF | • (+) corr between lifetime cognitive lifestyle and EF • No difference in executive function between high and low CR groups |
Rouillard et al. (2017) [75] | 49 PDs 47 HCs | Education, occupation, leisure and physical activities | Global cognition, episodic memory, visuospatial ability, attention, processing speed, and EF | • In HCs, (+) corr between CR and cognition • In PDs, education and occupation contributed to better cognition, but to a lesser extent than in HCs. • CR modulated the relationship between cognition and brain atrophy in PDs with less brain atrophy |